The unconventional feed sources play a key role in reducing cost of feed by replacing the proportion of conventional feed ingredients. Bakery waste (BW) an unconventional energy source, is found in substantial quantities in Bakeries located at different biscuit manufacturing industries. It is a palatable, high energy feed produced from wheat flour, skimmed milk powder, vegetable fat, sugar, salt and flavor materials. Supplementing broiler diets with fats and oils as an extra energy source has become common practice in the industry. However, young birds are deficient in the enzymes necessary for efficient digestion. Lysophospholipid (LPL) have superior emulsification properties due to formation of smaller micelles (Avitech, Technical Bulletin, 2009). External supplementation of LPLs improves the emulsification of fat and absorption of fat. The dry bakery waste found to content 10.11% fat depending on the source of material. Hence, the present study is planned to study the effect of replacement of maize with dry bakery waste at 50% level with or without supplementation of lysophospholipidin broiler diet.

Materials and Methods

The experiment was conducted for 42 days on 240, day-old broiler chicks, which were randomly distributed into four equal groups viz. T₀, T₁, T₂ and T₃ with each group having 60 chicks. The individual groups were further subdivided into three replicates of 20 chicks each. The birds received pre-starter, starter and finisher feed as per BIS (2007). Pre-starter was offered for first week and then starter mash was offered upto the end of third week and finisher feed was offered upto the end of six weeks. The group T₀ (control) received standard broiler diet as per BIS (2007), group T₁ received diet in which maize was replaced with dry bakery waste at 50% level, group T₂ and T₃ were fed with diet in which maize was replaced with dry bakery waste at 50% level with  0.05% and 0.1% lysophospholipid, respectively.  All the chicks were kept hygienically on deep litter system in separate pens and reared adopting uniform management conditions. The brooding was carried out for first two weeks by using electric bulbs. The standard vaccination schedule was followed for birds from all the experimental groups.

The weight of the individual experimental chicks was recorded using digital weighing balance at day old and thereafter at weekly interval till six weeks of age. The scale with 0.5 g accuracy was used in digital weighing balance. The records maintained for daily feed consumption were used to arrive at average weekly feed consumption and feed conversion ratio (FCR). Two birds from each replicate were slaughtered at the end of experimental period and utilized for carcass evaluation studies. The serum from two broiler birds of respective replicates and groups were collected in a sterile vial for lipid profile. The analysis of serum lipid profile was carried out with the help of Bio- analyzer by using appropriate kits. The proximate analysis of feed sample will be analyzed as per AOAC (2000). All the data obtained were subjected to statistical analysis as per Snedecor and Cochran (1994) by using completely randomized block design.

Results and Discussion                                        

The proximate composition (%DMB) of dried bakery waste is presented in Table 1. The overall performance of birds during six weeks period is presented in Table 2.The treatment groups showed significantly (P<0.01) higher body weights as compared to control. Among the treatment groups it was highest in group T₃ followed by T₂ and T₁, however, it was comparable in group T₂ and T₁. The findings of the present study are in agreement with Epao (2015) who reported numerically higher body weight in the broilers fed on diet containing replacement of maize with dry bakery waste at 20, 40 and 60% level. Malapureet al. (2011), reported increase body weight of broilers fed on diet supplemented with lysophospholipids.

Table 1: Proximate composition (%DMB) of bakery waste

Table 2: The overall performance of birds during six weeks

Means with different superscript in a row differ significantly; NS: Non- significant;**Significant at 1% level

The average weight gain of the birds from treatment groups was significantly (P<0.01) higher as compared to control. Among the treatment groups it was highest in group T₃ followed by T₂ and T₁, however, it was comparable in group T₂ and T₁. The findings of the present study corroborate with findings of Roy et al. (2010) who reported higher gain in body weight in emulsifier supplemented group. These result may be attributed to the better utilization of nutrients in the dry bakery waste fed groups. The addition of emulsifiers to diets containing dry bakery waste might have increased ether extract digestibility of fat from bakery waste which in turn might have resulted in better weight gain. The supplementation of lysophospholipid in the bakery waste groups showed better performance at the higher level of supplementation (0.1%) indicating higher nutrient digestibility with increased level of lysophospholipid. The cumulative feed consumption of birds from treatment groups was significantly (P<0.05) higher than control and among treatment groups it was highest in group T₃ followed by T₁ and T_{2. ,} however, between group T₁ and T₂    it was significantly (P<0.01) higher in group T₁   than T_2. This indicated that the group in which maize was replaced by dry bakery waste at 50% level consumed more feed than the control irrespective of lysophospholipid supplementation may be attributed to higher weight gain in these respective groups. The findings of the present study are in agreement with Zaefarian et al. (2015) who reported increase feed consumption in broiler supplemented with lysolecithin in the diet.

The cumulative FCR of the treatment group was significantly (P<0.01) better as compared to control, however, it was comparable among treatment groups. Thus, the results of present study indicated that FCR of groups received dry bakery waste replacing maize at 50% level with or without lysophospholipid was better than the control group. This may be due to better nutrient metabolisability in the treatment group. The results of present study are in agreement with Adeyemo et al. (2013) who found significant difference in FCR with birds fed on 50%, 75% and 100% bread waste. Malapure et al. (2011) reported better FCR in broilers supplemented with lysophopholipid @ 0.05 & 0.1% in broiler diet. However, Torki and Kimiaee (2011) reported non-significant effect of bakery by-product on FCR in layer birds. The average dressing percentage was significantly (P<0.05) higher in group T₂ and T₃ than control and T₁ group. Tony et al. (2007) who reported higher dressing percentage in lysophospholipid supplementation groups in broiler. This may be attributed to the improvement in the overall performance as result of proper nutrient utilization and its absorption due to supplementation of lysophospholipid.

However, findings of the present study are not matching with Epao (2015) who reported non-significant effect on dressing percentage when dry bakery waste was used at 20, 40 and 60% replacing maize in broiler diet. The average liver, gizzard and heart weight percentage of birds from groups T₀, T₁, T₂ and T₃were comparable. Findings of the present study corroborated with Abou-Elkhair et al. (2015) and Roy et al. (2010). The average serum cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL and VLDL values of birds from group T₀, T₁, T₂ and T₃were comparable. The results obtained in the present study are in agreement with Melegy et al. (2010) and Abou Elkhair et al. (2015) who reported non-significant effect on serum cholesterol and triglycerides values after supplementation of emulsifier in broiler diet. The economics of broiler production indicated that the birds from group T₃ recorded highest profit per bird followed by group T₂ and T₁ than control group which recorded least profit.

Conclusion

It is concluded that the replacement of maize with dry bakery waste found to be suitable alternative feed source in the broiler diet. The supplementation of lysophospholipid @ 0.05 level improved the performance of broiler birds and also resulted into better margin of profit.

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