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Effects of Mannan Oligosaccharide (MOS) and Xylo Oligosaccharide (XOS) Supplementation on the Growth Performance of Broilers

G. Vasudevan K. Vijayarani R. Karunakaran A. Srithar S. Meignanalakshmi P. Raja J. Ramesh A.Varun
Vol 9(5), 191-198
DOI- http://dx.doi.org/10.5455/ijlr.20190121070954

Antibiotics have been widely used in the field of poultry production as growth promoters for the last five decades. However, this practice has resulted in the development of antibiotic resistance in birds and human. Prebiotics can be used as an alternative to antibiotics to enhance the growth rate and upregulate the immune response of the host. In the present study, 108 numbers of day old broiler chicks were randomly divided in to 9 groups of 12 birds with 6 replicates in each group. The group T1 was kept as control. Birds in the other treatment groups were fed with different dietary concentrations of prebiotics - either mannan oligosaccharide (MOS) or xylo oligosaccharide (XOS) (T2– 0.2% MOS, T3 – 0.5% MOS, T4 – 0.75% MOS, T5 – 1% MOS, T6 - 0.2% XOS, T7 – 0.5% XOS, T8 – 0.75% XOS and T9 – 1% XOS) for a period of 42 days. The body weight was recorded at weekly intervals up to 42 days of age. Birds fed with 0.75% MOS (T4), 1% MOS (T5), 0.5% XOS (T7), 0.75% XOS (T8) and 1% XOS (T9) in their diet recorded significantly (P<0.05) higher body weight and feed conversion efficiency, when compared to the control and other treatment groups. There is no significant difference among the treatment groups T1 (control), T2 (0.2% MOS), T3 (0.5% MOS) and T6 (0.2% XOS) in the parameters studied. This study revealed that an optimum concentration of 0.75% of MOS and 0.5% of XOS can safely be included in the diet of broilers with beneficial effects on growth performance and immunomodulation.


Keywords : Broilers Mannan Oligosaccharide Prebiotics Xylo Oligosaccharide

Globally, India has emerged as one of the fastest growing and fourth largest poultry producer over the last decade. The growth rate of broiler industry is 8-10% per annum (Bajagai et al., 2016). The chicken meat is the cheapest source of animal protein available to the all the classes of people in the society. The primary aim of the poultry industry is to deliver the safe meat to the consumers without any antibiotic residues. From nutritional point of view, the use of antibiotics as feed additives was thought to be one of the major contributors for enhancement of productivity as well as control of diseases in the poultry industry (Samanta et al., 2013). However, continuous use of the antibiotics as feed additives has resulted in the development and transfer of antibiotic resistance gene from birds to human (Mathur and Singh, 2005). Hence, the European Union had banned the use of all antibiotic growth promoters in poultry feed since January, 2006 and several countries including India are on the way to restrict or replace feed usage of antibiotics in the poultry industry (Khare et al., 2018). Therefore, finding out an alternative to antibiotics which can act as a growth promoter is the need of the hour.

An effective alternative should mimic the beneficial effects of antibiotics on growth performance without the development of antibiotic resistance (Sarangi et al., 2018). Prebiotics can be used as an alternative to antibiotic growth promoters because of their beneficial effects on the growth performance and feed conversion efficiency (Al-Khalaifah, 2018). The use of prebiotics as a feed additive is well recognized for their importance in well-balanced gut microbial ecosystem in birds, because it ensures health and higher production performances. Following ban on the usage of antibiotics as growth promoters, prebiotics are the preferred choice of feed additives as they have the capability to selectively promote the growth and multiplication of beneficial gut microflora coupled with the inhibition of pathogenic microflora (Gaggia et al., 2010). Prebiotics are the substrates, selectively utilized by host microorganisms conferring a health benefit. The criterion of selective utilization distinguishes prebiotics from other feed additives. An advantage of prebiotics over probiotics is that they stimulate commensal bacteria that already exist in the gut and therefore well adapted to that environment (Gibson et al., 2004). Prebiotics are the potential candidates to be used as tools for early life programming in poultry (Rubio, 2018).

There are only few literatures available on the effectiveness of xylo oligosaccharide, a xylose based prebiotic on the growth performance of poultry. The xylo oligosaccharides (XOS) are the short chain carbohydrate molecules made up of xylose monomers linked by β-1, 4- linkages. Among the list of prebiotics used in poultry diet, xylo oligosaccharide is the only one that could be produced from the abundantly available, renewable and low cost agricultural byproducts unsuitable for human consumption such as corn cobs, corn husks, sugarcane bagasse, ragi straw and wheat straw (Samanta et al., 2017).  Mannan oligosaccharides are short chain low molecular weight carbohydrate fragments of the yeast cell wall, particularly Saccharomyces cerevisae (Singh et al., 2017). Mannan oligosaccharide supplementation has been reported to have a positive effect on the growth performance of poultry (Saeed, 2017 and Shanmugasundaram et al., 2012). Prebiotics such as β-glucan (Cox et al., 2010) and mannan oligosaccharides (Yitbarek et al., 2012) are promoted as alternatives to antibiotics or other chemotherapeutic agents in the poultry industry. Several health promoting effects of XOS and MOS including improvement of gut microbiota, calcium absorption and lipid metabolism had been reported (Das et al., 2012 and Samanta et al., 2017). In view of the above perspectives, the present research was aimed to assess the effects of MOS and XOS on body weight and feed conversion efficiency of broiler chicken.

Materials and Methods

This experiment was approved by the Institutional Animal Ethical Committee of Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University (Approval Lr. No. 2140/SA/DFBS/IAEC/2017 dt, 30.10.2017). All procedures related to the birds and their care conformed to the internationally accepted principles in the Committee for the Purpose of Controlled Supervision on Experiments on Animals (CPCSEA) guidelines for laboratory animal facility.

Experimental Design

A total of 108 numbers of day old broiler chicks of Cobb 400 breed were obtained from a commercial hatchery (KPK Breeders and Feeds, Hosur). The birds were randomly divided in to 9 groups, each group comprising of 12 birds with 6 replicates in each group and assigned to 1 of 9 dietary treatments.

Table 1:  Percent ingredient composition and nutrient profile of the experimental broiler diets

Ingredients (kg/100 kg) Pre starter Diet Starter Diet Finisher Diet
Maize 55.4 58 62.8
Soya  DOC 38.3 35.8 29.5
Calcite 1.21 1.35 1.5
DCP 1.8 1.75 1.47
Methionine 0.23 0.15 0.08
Lysine 0.09 0 0
Soda Bicarb 0.3 0.3 0.3
Salt 0.25 0.25 0.25
Palm oil 2 2 3.7
Additives 0.4 0.4 0.4
Total 100 100 100
Nutrient Profile
Metabolizable Energy (Kcal/kg) 3017 3147 3185
Crude protein (%) 23.06 22.06 19.6
Calcium (%) 0.98 1 0.98
Total Phosphorus (%) 0.72 0.7 0.63
Available Phosphorus (%) 0.48 0.47 0.4
Lysine (%) 1.33 1.19 1.03
Methionine (%) 0.59 0.5 0.4
Methionine + Cystiene (%) 0.97 0.87 0.73

The group T1 was kept as control. Birds in the other treatment groups were fed with different dietary concentrations of prebiotics either mannan oligosaccharide (MOS) or xylo oligosaccharide (XOS) (T2 – 0.2% MOS, T3 – 0.5% MOS, T4 – 0.75% MOS, T5 – 1% MOS, T6 – 0.2% XOS, T7 – 0.5% XOS, T8 – 0.75% XOS and T9 – 1% XOS) for a period of 42 days with ad libitum water and standard broiler ration prepared according to BIS, 2007 (Table 1). The body weight was recorded at weekly intervals up to 42 days of age and standard managemental practices were followed. The above formulations are meant for the control group (T1). Experimental diets for the treatment groups T2, T3, T4 and T5 were prepared by adding MOS @ 0.20%, 0.50%, 0.75% and 1.0 % levels respectively in the T1 formulation, replacing equal quantity of maize. Similarly, experimental diets for the treatment groups T6, T7, T8 and T9 were prepared by adding XOS @ 0.20%, 0.50%, 0.75% and 1.0 % levels respectively in the T1 formulation, replacing equal quantity of maize.

Results and Discussion

The feeding trial conducted in broiler chicken for a period of 42 days to assess the efficacy of MOS and XOS as feed additives in the poultry diet revealed enhanced growth rate and feed conversion efficiency.

Correlation between Body Weight and MOS Supplementation

The body weight of the broilers fed with different concentrations of MOS is presented in the Table 2. The initial body weight of chicks did not differ (P>0.05) between the control and treatment groups. At 28, 35 and 42 days of age, there is no significant difference between the control (T1) and T2 (0.20% MOS) group. At 28 days, the groups T3 (0.5% MOS) and T5 (1% MOS) revealed significant difference (P<0.05) in body weight when compared to the control (T1) group. However, the group T4 (0.75%) recorded significantly (P<0.05) higher body weight when compared to other treatment and control groups. At 35 days of age, group T4 (0.75% MOS) exhibited significantly higher (P<0.05) body weight than other treatment and control groups. At 42 days of age, the groups T4 (0.75% MOS) and T5 (1% MOS) recorded significantly (P<0.05) higher body weight compared to other groups.

The results of the present study are in accordance with Abdel-Hafeez et al. (2017) who reported 6% higher body weight gain than the control group when the diets of broilers were supplemented with different concentrations of MOS (2, 1 and 0.5 kg of MOS per ton of feed) in the starter, grower and finisher phase respectively. Recently, Abdel-Wareth et al. (2018) reported that supplementation of 1g MOS per kg diet of broilers for a period of 42 days significantly (P<0.01) improved the body weight gain. The weight gain of MOS supplemented group and control group were recorded as 2448 g and 2368 g, respectively.

 

Table 2: Effect of supplementation of different concentrations of prebiotics on the cumulative body weight (kg) of broiler chicken 

    Treatments Hatch weight Week 1 Week 2 Week 3 Week 4 Week 5 Week 6
T1 Control 0.055 ± 0.002 0.151a ± 0.002 0.400ab± 0.003 0.834b± 0.003 1.350ab ± 0.003 1.694b ± 0.018 1.712b ± 0.009
Cumulative body weight (kg) of broiler chicken fed with different concentrations of MOS
T2 0.20%  MOS 0.052 ± 0.001 0.156 a± 0.002 0.418ab± 0.003 0.836b ± 0.003 1.369ab ± 0.001 1.698b ± 0.006 1.855b±0.009
T3 0.50%  MOS 0.051 ± 0.002 0.170b ± 0.002 0.435b± 0.002 0.896a ± 0.004 1.413b ± 0.006 1.811ab ± 0.005 2.013c±0.005
T4 0.75%  MOS 0.052 ± 0.002 0.175ab ± 0.003 0.454a± 0.003 0.939ab ± 0.004 1.513a ± 0.003 1.913a ± 0.005 2.221a±0.012
T5 1.00%  MOS 0.051 ± 0.005 0.176ab ± 0.003 0.453b± 0.002 0.927ab ± 0.004 1.414a± 0.005 1.810ab± 0.020 2.008ab±0.007
Cumulative body weight (kg) of broiler chicken fed with different concentrations of XOS
T6 0.20%  XOS 0.053 ± 0.002 0.158a ± 0.002 0.423ab ± 0.001 0.839b ± 0.002 1.412b ± 0.006 1.689b ± 0.004 1.795b±0.012
T7 0.50%  XOS 0.051 ± 0.002 0.169b± 0.002 0.445a± 0.002 0.902a ± 0.003 1.515a ± 0.007 1.908a ± 0.010 2.227a±0.013
T8 0.75% XOS 0.053 ± 0.002 0.171ab ± 0.002 0.449a ± 0.003 0.929ab± 0.003 1.513a ± 0.007 1.903a±0.004 2.210a±0.014
T9 1.00% XOS 0.051 ± 0.008 0.173ab± 0.002 0.450b± 0.003 0.931ab ± 0.005 1.519a ± 0.007 1.801ab± 0.008 2.007ab±0.015
  F value 0.340 NS 2.954* 6.384** 4.807** 2.757* 6.606** 3.360*

NS – non significant (P>0.05), Mean values bearing different superscripts within a column differ
** significantly (P<0.01), *significantly (P<0.05)

Khose et al. (2018) also reported that supplementation of a nutritional formula containing amino acids, vitamin E and MOS at the level of 750 gm/ton of feed significantly improved the body weight and feed conversion efficiency in broilers. On the contrary, Park et al. (2017) could not find significant difference in the body weight gain in broilers fed with 0.2% MOS in their diet for a period of 42 days.

Correlation between Body Weight and XOS Supplementation

The body weight of the broilers fed with different concentrations of XOS prebiotics is presented in the Table  2. The initial body weight of chicks did not differ (P>0.05) between the control and treatment groups. At 28 days of age, there is no significant difference in body weight among the T7, T8 and T9 groups. However, these groups exhibited significance difference (P<0.05) in body weight when compared to the control group. At 35 days of age there is no significant difference between groups T7 and T8 but when compared to the control, both the groups revealed significance difference (P<0.05) in 0.5% and 0.75% XOS respectively. At 42 days of age, the group T7 and T8 revealed significant difference (P<0.05) compared to the control group at 0.5% and 0.75% XOS respectively. The results of present study are in accordance with Zhenping et al. (2013) and De Maesschalck et al. (2015) who reported higher body weight gain in broilers supplemented with 1% and 0.5% XOS. On the contrary, Samanta et al. (2017) could not find significant difference in body weight when the diet of broilers were supplemented with 0.5% XOS for a period of 42 days.

 

Correlation between Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR) and MOS/XOS Supplementation

The feed conversion ratio of the broilers fed with different concentrations of MOS/XOS is presented in the Table 3. At 42 days of age, group T4 (0.75% MOS) recorded significantly (P<0.01) higher feed conversion efficiency and lower feed conversion ratio when compared to other treatment and control groups. Abdel-Hafeez et al. (2017) recorded higher feed conversion efficiency when the diets of broilers were supplemented with 2 kg of MOS per ton of feed than the control group. Abdel-Wareth et al. (2018) demonstrated higher feed conversion efficiency in broilers with supplementation of 1g MOS per kg feed than the control group. The FCR in MOS supplemented and control groups were 1.291 and 1.394 respectively.

Table 3: Effect of supplementation of different concentrations of prebiotics on the cumulative feed conversion ratio of broiler chicken

Treatments Week 1 Week 2 Week 3 Week 4 Week 5 Week 6
T1 – Control 1.490 ± 0.005 1.60abc± 0.005 1.67a ± 0.010 1.75a ± 0.014 1.84ab ± 0.026 2.13a ± 0.030
Cumulative feed conversion ratio of broiler chicken fed with different concentrations of  MOS
T2 – MOS – 0.2% 1.47 ± 0.005 1.55d ± 0.006 1.63cd± 0.014 1.74a ± 0.008 1.82bc ± 0.014 2.11a± 0.050
T3 – MOS – 0.5% 1.47 ± 0.012 1.60ab ± 0.006 1.66ab ± 0.011 1.76a± 0.006 1.86ab ± 0.010 2.05ab ± 0.071
T4 – MOS –0.75% 1.46 ± 0.014 1.56cd ± 0.012 1.63cd ± 0.014 1.70c ± 0.005 1.75d ± 0.008 1.93b ± 0.035
T5 – MOS – 1.0% 1.48 ± 0.012 1.61a ± 0.006 1.68a ± 0.006 1.71c± 0.017 1.78cd ± 0.015 2.11a ± 0.051
Cumulative feed conversion ratio of broiler chicken fed with different concentrations of  XOS
T6 – XOS – 0.2% 1.51 ± 0.015 1.61a± 0.010 1.65bc± 0.005 1.73a± 0.018 1.89a ± 0.003 2.03ab± 0.030
T7 – XOS – 0.5% 1.48 ± 0.016 1.55 d± 0.008 1.62d ± 0.008 1.69c± 0.021 1.83bc± 0.033 1.90 b± 0.021
T8 – XOS –0.75% 1.48 ± 0.014 1.58bcd ± 0.013 1.66ab ± 0.003 1.68c ± 0.014 1.87ab ± 0.013 1.93 b± 0.030
T9 – XOS – 1.0% 1.49 ± 0.006 1.61a ± 0.010 1.68ab ± 0.000 1.77 a± 0.014 1.86ab± 0.009 2.03ab ± 0.020
F value 0.940NS 6.384** 4.807** 2.757* 6.606** 3.360*

NS – non significant (P>0.05), Mean values bearing different superscripts within a column differ
** significantly (P<0.01), *significantly (P<0.05)

Among the XOS treated groups, at 42 days of age, group T7 (0.5% XOS) and T8 (0.75% XOS) recorded significantly (P<0.01) higher feed conversion efficiency when compared to other treatment and control groups. The results of the present study are in agreement with Zhenping et al. (2013) who reported 4.18% higher feed conversion efficiency in broilers with 1% XOS supplementation in their diet. De Maesschalck et al. (2015) also reported that feed conversion efficiency was significantly (P<0.05) higher for broilers fed with the diet supplemented with 0.5% XOS than the control group. However, Samanta et al. (2017) and Park et al. (2017) could not observe significant improvement in feed conversion efficiency with supplementation of 0.5% XOS and 0.2% MOS respectively in the diet of broilers for a period of 42 days.

Conclusion

The present study indicates that 0.75% of mannan oligosaccharide (MOS) and 0.5% of xylo oligosaccharide (XOS) can safely be included in the diet of broilers as better alternatives to antibiotic growth promoters since supplementation of MOS and XOS resulted in significant improvement in the growth and feed conversion efficiency.

Acknowledgement

This study was carried out as part of Ph.D. research work in animal biotechnology submitted to the Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University by the first author. The authors are thankful to the Dean, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University for the approval of this study and providing necessary facilities to carry out the research. The authors cordially acknowledge the help of Dr. Ramesh Selvaraj, Associate Professor, Georgia University, U.S.A., in procuring the mannan oligosaccharide used in this study.

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