NAAS Score – 4.31

Free counters!

UserOnline

Previous Next

Heavy Metal Residues in Soil and Water of North-24 Parganas (West Bengal) and its effect on Chevon Quality

G. Mahapatra S. Biswas D. Bhattacharya G. Patra
Vol 9(8),145-153
DOI- http://dx.doi.org/10.5455/ijlr.20190513092637

Heavy metal toxicity is a major form of environmental pollution. Their tendency for bio-accumulation and bio-magnification in the food chain affects human health. An investigation was carried out in North-24-Parganas of West Bengal. Soil, water and chevon samples were collected from targeted areas over a span of six months and were analyzed for the presence of lead, arsenic, iron and zinc applying atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Soil samples revealed high concentration of iron and zinc whereas water samples indicated high concentration of iron and arsenic. These levels did not impact the overall edible quality of meat because concentration of lead and arsenic were below detection limits and concentration of iron and zinc were mostly below maximum permissible limit. Thus advocating, chevon quality from goats reared in areas having high heavy metal residual content is largely within acceptable limits, however continuing elevation of levels may cause reverse impact in future.


Keywords : Arsenic Chevon Iron Heavy Metal Lead Micro-Nutrients Zinc

Environmental pollution is a major global problem posing serious risk to animals as well as humans. There is an increasing concern about environmental pollutants being emanated into livestock production system (Rajaganpathy, 2006). Heavy metals from manmade pollution sources are continuously released in the aquatic and terrestrial eco-system. Heavy metals like lead and arsenic are significant environmental pollutants. Elements like iron and zinc are essential in small quantities but when exceeding a specific concentration, they tend to become toxic (Peralta-Videa et al., 2009). Other major pathway for soil and water pollution is through atmospheric deposition of heavy metals from point sources (viz. metalliferous mining, smelting and industrial activities) and non-point sources of contamination (viz. fertilizers, pesticides, sewage sludge, organic manure and compost) (Singh, 2001). Additionally, foliar uptake of atmospheric heavy metals from emission gas and absorption from soil as well as surface deposits has been identified as an important pathway of heavy metal contamination in vegetable crops (Kaur, 2006). Contamination with heavy metals is a serious threat because of their toxicity, bio-accumulation and bio-magnification in the food chain (Demirezen et al., 2006).

High levels of heavy metal residues in the soil and water of West Bengal have been a matter of concern (Chakraborti et al., 2001). Gupta et al. (2008) has reported significant levels of arsenic residues in vegetables grown on waste water. Such contaminated agricultural products may lead to chronic toxicity in human beings (Roy Chowdhury, 2002). Farm animals are also an important indicator for environmental pollution (Kottferova et al., 1995). Exposure of farm animals to heavy metals is a major public health concern because these animals are reared for milk and meat (Inam et al., 2000) and consumption of such polluted food can have direct physiological and toxicological effect on human health. The role of livestock for income generation, food supply and financial security for the rural population is well documented (Tanusha et al., 2019). Goat rearing is a counterpart of mixed farming systems. Grazing on contaminated soil has resulted in higher levels of toxic metals in raw meat (Sabir et al., 2003) as well as meat products (Gonzalez-Weller et al., 2006).This study was proposed to ascertain the concentration arsenic, lead, iron and zinc in the soil, water and meat of goats reared in North-24 Parganas, thus establishing a relationship between the concentration of heavy metals in the environment and determining the safety of goat meat for human consumption.

Materials and Methods

The investigation was carried out in Barrackpore (22.76°N 88.37°E), Barasat (22.72°N 88.48°E) and Bashirhat (2°39′26″N 88°53′39″E) of North- 24 Parganas, West Bengal, India for a period of six months. Composite samples of soil were collected from a depth of 15 cms, dried at 105+5˚C, ground, sieved through a 2 mm mesh and stored in sterile polyethylene bottles until further analysis. Water used to irrigate plants and feed animals were collected, preserved and analyzed as per APHA (1995) guidelines. Castrated Black Bengal goats of 40 weeks age, were purchased locally from the marginal farmers rearing them. They were fasted overnight with free access to water, slaughtered. From each carcass meat from leg, loin and shoulder were collected, vacuum packed and frozen at -20˚C until further analysis.

All samples were digested by tri-acid (Datta et al., 2010). The digest was slowly evaporated to near dryness, cooled and dissolved in 2.0% HNO3. It was then filtered through Whatman Filter Paper no. 42 and diluted to a volume of 50 ml with 2.0% HNO3. This solution was then analyzed by atomic absorption spectrophotometer (GBC,932 Plus- AAS, Australia) in flame mode using air-acetylene flame for lead, iron and zinc and graphite hydride mode for arsenic, using air-acetylene flame for arsenic. The absorption of these elements was compared to standard absorption and the residue levels were expressed as ppm for Pb, Fe and Zn and ppb for As.

Total number of samples analyzed were 180 (five samples each for soil, water, shoulder muscle, thigh muscle and loin muscles, for each month; here n=30). For each table, the data are expressed in parts per million (ppm); parts per billion (ppb) and below detection limit (BDL), wherever applicable. Each S. No. refers to the consecutive months of samples collected in the 6 months period. All the data obtained were analyzed statistically to draw valid conclusion in SPSS (version 16.0) software. Data related to the effect of different wholesale cut were analyzed by one-way ANOVA according to Duncan’s multiple range test (Duncan, 1955). The results were expressed in terms of mean and standard error (SE) of mean. A probability value of p<0.05 was described as significant and p<0.01 was noted highly significant.

Results and Discussion

Arsenic (As)

The data pertaining to As content in different samples are presented in Table 1. Arsenic content in the soil of Barrackpore, Barasat and Bashirhat ranged from 4.063-8.688 ppm, 4.85-5.48 ppm and 4.64-5.44 ppm, respectively. All values were within acceptable limits and in accordance to the observations made by Roy Chowdhury et al. (2002). It was noted that the concentration of arsenic in surface water of Barasat and Bashirhat ranged from 0.319-0.488 ppm and 0.0291-0.482 ppm, respectively. These values were in coherence to that observations made by Bera et al. (2010) and Chakraborti et al. (1998). Water samples from Barrackpore showed 4.413 – 8.141 ppm of As. The BIS (1991) standards allow a maximum of 0.05 ppm of As in drinking water. Exhibiting that most of the values recorded for water samples of barrackpore exceeded safety limit. The residual concentration of arsenic in the shoulder, thigh and loin muscles of goats reared in all three areas were BDL.

Lead (Pb)

The data representing the Pb content in different samples are presented in Table 2. Lead content in the soil of Barrackpore, Barasat and Bashirhat ranged from 2.67-9.45 ppm, 7.56-11.8 ppm and 7.4-12.9 ppm, respectively. All values were within acceptable limits, as mentioned by Roy Chowdhury et al. (2002). The concentration of lead for water samples of Barrackpore were BDL whereas for Barasat and Bashirhat it ranged from 0.001-0.009 ppm and 0.002-0.015 ppm, respectively. As per BIS (1991), these values were within maximum permissible limit and were in coherence with the findings of Kar et al. (2008). The lead concentration recorded for all the chevon samples were BDL.

 

 

Table 1: Residual concentration of arsenic

Area Barrackpore Barasat Bashirhat
Parameter Soil (ppm) Water (ppm) Chevon(ppb) Soil (ppm) Water (ppm) Chevon(ppb) Soil (ppm) Water (ppm) Chevon(ppb)
S. No. S T L S T L S T L
1 4.063+1.025 7.788+0.017 BDL BDL BDL 5.42+1.401 0.488+0.072 BDL BDL BDL 4.64+1.128 0.461+0.132 BDL BDL BDL
2 8.688+1.51 4.413+0.015 BDL BDL BDL 4.85+1.122 0.467+0.174 BDL BDL BDL 5.20+1.214 0.226+0.142 BDL BDL BDL
3 6.201+1.302 8.141+0.062 BDL BDL BDL 4.96+1.115 0.328+0.054 BDL BDL BDL 5.35+1.16 0.0291+0.051 BDL BDL BDL
4 5.610+1.105 6.618+0.035 BDL BDL BDL 5.28+1.254 0.325+0.012 BDL BDL BDL 5.44+1.362 0.482+0.016 BDL BDL BDL
5 6.623+1.153 6.467+0.024 BDL BDL BDL 5.16+1.352 0.409+0.068 BDL BDL BDL 4.85+1.424 0.285+0.144 BDL BDL BDL
6 7.250+1.024 7.250+1.024 BDL BDL BDL 5.48+1.029 0.319+0.135 BDL BDL BDL 5.32+1.441 0.315+0.001 BDL BDL BDL

S- shoulder, T- thigh, L- Loin

Table 2: Residual concentration of lead

Area Barrackpore Barasat Bashirhat
Parameter Soil Water Chevon(ppm) Soil Water Chevon(ppm) Soil Water Chevon(ppm)
S. No. (ppm) (ppm) S T L (ppm) (ppm) S T L (ppm) (ppm) S T L
1 8.21+0.003 BDL BDL BDL BDL 10.3+0.005 0.006+0.001 BDL BDL BDL 10.2+0.001 0.004+0.003 BDL BDL BDL
2 6.46+0.009 BDL BDL BDL BDL 11.8+0.004 0.004+0.002 BDL BDL BDL 11.5+0.002 0.002+0.004 BDL BDL BDL
3 9.45+0.003 BDL BDL BDL BDL 9.62+0.003 0.001+0.002 BDL BDL BDL 12.9+0.005 0.012+0.005 BDL BDL BDL
4 2.67+0.003 BDL BDL BDL BDL 7.56+0.006 0.007+0.005 BDL BDL BDL 7.4+0.002 0.015+0.004 BDL BDL BDL
5 5.49+0.002 BDL BDL BDL BDL 10.9+0.005 0.009+0.002 BDL BDL BDL 12.5+0.003 0.008+0.006 BDL BDL BDL
6 4.60+0.008 BDL BDL BDL BDL 11.4+0.005 0.008+0.003 BDL BDL BDL 8.6+0.002 0.007+0.005 BDL BDL BDL

S- shoulder, T- thigh, L- Loin

 

These findings were contrary to those made by Robinson (1994) who reported lead concentration to the extent of 29 ppm in goat meat from Chennai city.

Iron (Fe)

The observations related to the Fe content in different samples are presented in Table 3. Iron content in soil of Barasat and Bashirhat ranged from 6210-6921 ppm and 5428-8210 ppm, respectively. Both these values were considered to be with in normal range and in accordance with the findings of Roy chowdhury et al. (2002). On the contrary, concentration of Iron in the soil of Barrackpore ranged from 11907-19997 ppm, much higher than normalcy. Surface water of Barrackpore, Barasat and Bashirhat contained Iron in the concentration of 1.031-6.0551 ppm, 0.651-1.744 ppm and 0.653-2.635 ppm, respectively. These observations were in coherence to the findings of Kar et al. (2008) but exceeded the BIS (1991) standard which allows a maximum of 0.3ppm of iron in drinking water. The muscle samples exhibited iron content in the different wholesale cuts of chevon for Barrackpore, Barasat and Bashirhat ranged from 14.964-30.069 ppm, 15.601-32.635 ppm and 10.383-32.380 ppm, respectively. All the values were below the maximum permissible limit of 3000-5000 ppm for muscle foods. These findings in meat were in coherence to the findings made by Iwegbue et al. (2008).

Zinc (Zn)

The data reporting the Zn content in different samples are presented in Table 4. Zinc content in the soil of Barasat and Bashirhat ranged from 38.2-49.5 ppm and 34.5-52.8 ppm, respectively which according to Roy Chowdhury et al. (2002) was considered to be normal. The zinc concentration for soil of Barrackpore was 380.5-1141.2 ppm, a value much higher than normalcy. Zinc concentration in surface water of Barrrackpore, Barasat and Bashirhat ranged from 0.0572-0.299 ppm, 0.053-0.095 ppm, and 0.007-0.111 ppm, respectively. All these values were in coherence to the findings   of Kar et al. (2008) but exceeded the BIS (1991) standards. Zinc concentration in meat samples ranged from 14.865 to 54.305 ppm, most of the values were below maximum permissible limit except a few samples obtained from Barrackpore area which pertained to p >0.05, hence considered as non-significant. Similar studies conducted by Coleman et al. (1992) and Jayasekara et al. (1992) reported fresh meat samples having zinc below 50 ppm, on the contrary a study conducted by Langsland et al. (1987) showed zinc level of 57 ppm in sheep muscle. Gonzalez-Weller et al. (2006), Robinson (1994), Abu Donia (2008) and Coleman et al. (1992) have established the presence of heavy metal residue in meat and meat products.

 

 

 

Table 3: Residual concentration of iron

Parameter Soil Water Chevon(ppb) Soil Water Chevon(ppm) Soil Water Chevon(ppm)
S. No. (ppm) (ppm) S T L (ppm) (ppm) S T L (ppm) (ppm) S T L
1 16447.32+0.803 1.031+ 0.482 25.947+0.253 17.168+0.199 21.105 + 0.172 6740    + 0.829 1.234+ 0.569 22.185+

0.287

32.635+

0.17

19.331+ 0.191 6840+ 0.524 1.589 +0.576 14.061   +0.199 26.354+   0.172 21.652 0.132
2 11907+ 0.543 2.402+ 0.624 19.177+0.172 21.957+0.149 20.956+0.168 6524+

0.565

1.744+

0.48

21.202+

0.19

21.138+

0.232

15.601+ 0.157 6651+ 0.625 0.653+ 0.479 10.838+0.149 24.568+ 0.206 22.852+ 0.125
3 13860+ 0.495 6.0551+0.579 22.725+0.206 24.701+0.144 15.839+0.178 6648+ 0.648 2.345+

0.685

18.249+

0.177

19.074+

0.196

24.080+ 0.165 7351+ 0.798 1.584+ 0.612 19.185+0.144 22.654+   0.268 19.648 +0.174
4 19997+ 0.85 1.255+ 0.6 30.069+0.268 16.998+0.218 14.964+0.172 6210+ 0.687 0.651+

0.601

18.75+

0.34

26.165+ 0.222 18.336+ 0.371 5428+ 0.813 1.413+ 0.611 18.651+0.132 23.581+      0.194 20.484+ 0.118
5 17567+ 0.548 1.999+ 0.473 21.392+0.19 24.515+0.184 19.479+0.215 6320+ 0.521 1.234+

0.462

32.38+

0.134

21.851+ 0.199 30.383+ 0.271 6591+ 0.685 2.635+ 0.493 19.74+ 0.218 25.168+ 0.186 21.428+ 0.135
6 18269+ 0.801 4.512+ 0.527 24.568+0.16 22.458+0.187 18.632+0.16 6921+ 0.801 1.413+

0.473

24.896+

0.317

20.628+ 0.417 22.654+ 0.169 8210+ 0.169 1.365+ 0.463 15.242+0.235 24.694+ 0.187 23.58+ 0.18

S- shoulder, T- thigh, L- Loin

Table 4: Residual concentration of zinc

Area Barrackpore Barasat Bashirhat
Parameter Soil Water Chevon(ppm) Soil Water Chevon(ppm) Soil Water Chevon(ppm)
S. No. (ppm) (ppm) S T L (ppm) (ppm) S T L (ppm) (ppm) S T L
1 76.6+

0.3

0.0572+0.103 48.250+0.146 27.360+0.254 46.370+0.281 44.5+ 0.253 0.065+

0.103

49.22+ 0.28 45.145+0.303 45.69+ 0.161 51.5+ 0.254 0.058+ 0.102 15.31 + 0.107 43.851+0.268 24.735+ 0.116
2 457.5+ 0.251 0.0896+0.154 38.235+0.147 22.080+0.302 15.505+0.209 48.2 + 0.299 0.084+ 0.157 54.305+ 0.213 33.765+0.325 24.73+ 0.18 38.2 + 0.283 0.111+   0.154 14.99+ 0.102 46.328+0.361 29.689+ 0.134
3 380.5+ 0.282 0.118 + 0.214 42.790+0.163 22.315+0.215 39.325+0.245 42.6+   0.259 0.095+ 0.214 44.37+ 0.293 47.625+0.275 28.765+ 0.169 34.5+ 0.362 0.064+ 0.104 18.642+ 0.108 36.891 + 0.216 27.168+ 0.12
4 860.5+ 0.362 0.299 + 0.451 42.540+0.125 25.565+0.268 14.865+ 0.217 40.6+ 0.282 0.083+ 0.452 48.905+ 0.189 29.89 + 0.296 37.425 +0.174 48.9+ 0.252 0.036+ 0.151 17.832+ 0.108 39.548 + 0.246 35.284+ 0.13
5 1141+ 0.254 0.291+ 0.441 42.275+0.158 30.825+0.267 19.115+0.278 49.5+ 0.363 0.053+ 0.441 50.015+ 0.175 27.415+0.30817 26.405   +0.234 52.8+ 0.297 0.007+ 0.211 22.546+ 1.029 37.258 + 0.223 32.546 + 0.2
6 785.2+ 0.364 0.254+ 0.325 44.528+0.168 28065+0.272 28.352+0.229 38.2+ 0.254 0.082+ 0.036 47.895+ 0.168 35.681+0.287 27.389 +0.176 36.4+ 0.283 0.095+ 0.216 24.682+ 0.015 44.581 + 0.261 38.642+ 0.211

S- shoulder, T- thigh, L- Loin

 

On the contrary studies conducted by Nkansah et al. (2014) revealed presence of both Pb and As in chevon samples but the values were below maximum permissible limits, similarly Rooke et al. (2010) and De Smet et al. (2016) established that the response in muscle to increased dietary concentrations of zinc and iron is mostly absent. Rudy (2009) stated that mutton obtained from sheep upto the age of 8 months (approximately 40 weeks) raised in a polluted environment has Pb and As content at Below Detection Limit. All these outcomes reasoned the outcomes of this investigation.

Conclusion

Chevon obtained from goats up to 40 weeks age group, is safe for consumption even if procured from areas having high heavy metal concentration either in soil or water or both. However, continuing elevated levels may cause reverse impact in future.

Acknowledgement

We are grateful to the Director of Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute (ICAR), Barrackpore, Kolkata, India for providing the opportunity to conduct experiments and analyze data at their facility.

References

  1. APHA (American Public Health Association) (1995), Metals in, Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater. ed. A. D. Eaton, L. S. Clesceri, A. E. Greenberg, 19th ed., American Public Health Association, Washington DC, 3-5.
  2. Abu Donia, M.A. (2008). Lead concentrations in different animal’s muscles and consumable organs at specific localities in Cairo. Global Veterinarian, 2(5), 280-284.
  3. Bera, A.K., Rana, T., Das, S. Bhattacharya, D., Bandopadhyay S., Pan, D., De, S., Samanta, S., Chowdhury, A.N., Mondal, T.K. and Das, S.K. (2010). Ground water arsenic contamination in West Bengal, India: A risk of sub-clinical toxicity cattle as evident by correlation between arsenic exposure, excretion and deposition. In: Toxicology and Industrial Health,1-8.
  4. BIS, (1991) Indian Drinking water specification, Bureau of Indian Standards, Indian Standard, 10500.
  5. Chakraborti, D., Basu, G.K., Biswas, B.K., Chowdhury, U.K., Rahman, M.M., Paul, K., Roy Chowdhury, T., Chanda, C.R., Lodh, D. and Ray, S.L. (2001). Characterization of arsenic-bearing sediments in the Gangetic delta of West Bengal, India. In: Chappell, W.R., Abernathy, C.O., Calderon, R.A. (Eds.), Arsenic Exposure and Health Effects IV. Elsevier Science, Oxford, UK, 27–52.
  6. Chakraborti, D., Samanta, G., Mandal, B.K., Roy-Chowdhury, T. and Chanda, C.R. (1998). Calcutta industrial pollution: Ground water arsenic contamination in residential areas and sufferings of people due to industrial effluent discharge. An eight-year study report. Current Science, 74, 346-355.
  7. Coleman, M.E., Robert, S.E. and Basu, P. (1992). Trace metals in edible tissues of livestock and poultry. Journal of AOAC International, 75, 615-625.
  8. Datta, B.K., Mishra, A., Singh, A., Sar, T.K., Sarkar, S., Bhattacharya, A., Chakraborty, A.K. and Mandal, T.K. (2010). Chronic arsenicosis in cattle with special reference to its metabolism in arsenic endemic village of Nadia district West Bengal India. Science of the Total Environment, 409(2):284-288.
  9. De Smet, S. and Vossen, E. (2016). Meat: the balance between nutrition and health. A review. Meat Science, 120: 145-156.
  10. Demirezen, D. and Uruc, K. (2006). Comparative study of trace elements in certain fish, meat and meat products. Meat Science, 74(2), 255–260.
  11. Duncan, D.B. (1955) Multiple range and multiple F- Tests. Biometrics, 11, 1-42.
  12. Gonzalez-Weller, D., Karlsson, L., Caballero, A., Hernandez, F., Gutierrez, A., Gonzalez-Iglesias, T., Marino, M. and Haedisson, A. (2006). Lead and cadmium in meat and meat products consumed by the population in Tenerife Island, Spain. Food Additives and Contaminants, 23(8), 757-
  13. Gupta, N., Khan, D. K. and Santra, C. (2008). An Assessment of Heavy Metal Contamination in Vegetables Grown in Wastewater-Irrigated Areas of Titagarh, West Bengal, India. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. 80, 115–118.
  14. Inam, R. and Somer, D. (2000). A direct method for the determination of selenium and lead in cow’s milk by differential pulse stripping voltammetry. Food Chemistry, 69, 345-350.
  15. Iwegbue, C. M. A., Nwajei, G. E. and Iyoha, E. H. (2008). Heavy metal residues of chicken meat and gizzard and turkey meat consumed in southern Nigeria. Bulgarian Journal of Veterinary Medicine. 11(4), 275−280.
  16. Jayasekara, S., Samarajeewa, U. and Jayakody, A.N. (1992). Trace metals in foods of animal origin in Srilanka. ASEAN Food Journal, 7, 105-107.
  17. Kar, D., Sur, P., Mandal, S. K., Saha, T. and Kole, R. K. (2008). Assessment of heavy metal pollution in surface water. International Journal for Environmental Science and Technology, 5(1), 119-124.
  18. Kaur, H. (2006). M.S. thesis. Department of Biotechnology and Environmental Sciences. Thapar Institute if Engineering and Technology (Deemed University), Patiala, India.
  19. Kottferova, and Korenekova, B. (1995). The effect of emissions on heavy metals concentrations in cattle from the area of an industrial planting Slovakia. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 29, 400-405.
  20. Langslands, J. P., Donald, G.E. and Smith, A.J. (1987). Analysis of data collected in a residue survey: copper and zinc concentrations in liver kidney and muscle in Australian sheep and cattle. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture, 27(4), 485-491.
  21. Nkansah, M. A. and Ansah, J. K. (2014). Determination of Cd, Hg, As, Cr and Pb levels in meat from the Kumasi Central Abattoir. International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, 4(8),61-64.
  22. Peralta -Videa, J.R., Lopez, M.L., Narayan, M., Supe, G. and Gardea-Torresdey, J. (2009). The biochemistry of environmental heavy metal uptake by plants: Implications for the food-chain. The International Journal of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, 41, 1665-1677.
  23. Rajaganpathy, V. (2006). Effect of pollution in livestock production systems. Proceedings of the National Seminar on Recent Trends in Animal Welfare and Production, Dec 6. College of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Thrissur, India, 1-3.
  24. Robinson, J.J.A., (1994). Studies on some toxic elements in different meats. Ph.D. Thesis, Tamil Nadu University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Chennai, India.
  25. Rooke, J.A., Flockhart, J.F. and Sparks, N.H. (2010). The potential for increasing the concentrations of micro-nutrients relevant to human nutrition in meat, milk and eggs. The Journal of Agricultural Science, 148, 603–614.
  26. Roy Chowdhury, T., Uchino, T., Tokunaga, H. and Ando, M. (2002). Survey of arsenic in food composites from an arsenic-affected area of West Bengal, India. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 40, 1611– 1621.
  27. Rudy, M. (2009). The analysis of correlations between the age and the level of bioaccumulation of heavy metals in tissues and the chemical composition of sheep meat from the region in SE Poland. Food and Chemical Toxicology. 47: 1117–1122.
  28. Sabir, S.M., Khan, S.W. and Hayat, I. (2003). Effect of environmental pollution on quality of meat in district Bagh, Azad Kashmir. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition, 2(2), 98-101.
  29. Singh, B. (2001). Heavy metals in soils: sources, chemical reactions and forms. In Geo Environment. Proceedings of 2nd Australia and New Zealand Conference on Environmental Geotechnics: Newcastle, New South Wales. Eds. D. Smith, S. Fityus and M. Allman., 77-93.
  30. Tanusha, T., Chander, and Sinha, S. (2019). Gender Participation, Time Utilisation and Employment Generated through Animal Husbandry Activities in Uttarakhand. International Journal of Livestock Research, 9(4), 168-175. doi: 10.5455/ijlr.20181219090508
Abstract Read : 2646 Downloads : 503
Previous Next

Open Access Policy

Close