The technology of supplementation of bypass fat and energy protects the nutrient from degradation and biohydrogenation in rumen with increase in the energy density of the diet enabling the animals to meet their energy and essential fatty acid requirements expressing their milk production potential to the fullest extent (Krishna Mohan and Reddy, 2009). Additional feeding of fat and energy source does not interfere with rumen fermentation process, but supplies more energy to the animal for more milk synthesis after being digested in abomasum and small intestine with absorption from the small intestine. This helps in increasing unsaturated fatty acid in milk which can produce safer milk for human consumption especially for heart patients (Garg et al., 2008). The present study was done to evaluate feeding of mustard oil and molasses fat and energy source respectively on milk production performance indigenous lactating dairy cows and compared their performance with normal ration.

Materials and Methods

Proposed work was conducted at Livestock farm, Adhartal, College of Veterinary Science & Animal Husbandry, Nanaji Deshmukh Veterinary Science University, Jabalpur (M.P.) Eighteen early indigenous lactating cattle (9 Sahiwal and 9 Gir) of approximately same age, lactation number (1^st to 3^rd lactation), lactation stage, body weight and milk yield were used for the present study .Selected animals were randomly divided into 3 groups of 6 animals (3 Gir and 3 Sahiwal) each as control (G1), supplemented group with mustard oil (G2) and supplemented group with molasses (G3).The study was conducted during the months of October to January 2016 for 90 days after the adaptation period of 2 weeks. Three experimental  basal diet viz containing no added energy (control), molasses @ 200 ml/adult animal/day and Mustard oil @ 200 ml/adult animal/day were formulated and fed as total mixed ration according to nutrient requirement of lactating dairy animals (NRC, 2001).

Experimental animals were stall fed and managed in intensive system of housing. All The experimental animals were fed according to their body weight and production (NRC, 2001). The water was kept available to animals round the clock. All the animals were offered identical ration consisting of green fodders, wheat straw and concentrate. The chaffed green fodder ad libitum (berseem / sorghum / maize), and wheat straw @ 4 kg per day were offered and concentrate, consisting of 16% crude protein plus 68% total digestible nutrients were offered at a scale of 1 kg per 2.5 kg milk production along with maintenance ration @ 2 kg per day. Measured quantity of mustard oil and molasses was mixed daily in concentrate in the morning at the time of feeding and fed individually to each experimental animal. The animals were hand milked twice a day in the morning (6.00 am) and evening (5.30 pm) and milk yield (MY) was recorded individually daily throughout the experimental periods. Milk samples from each animal in all the groups were collected and analysed at fortnight intervals for milk composition by auto analyzer (Ultrasonic auto milk analyzer, Netco Pvt. Ltd.). Predicted lactation yield (305 days) were calculated by using ratio estimates of partial lactation of cattle (Thomas and Sastry, 2012). The lactation yield up to 12 weeks was multiplied by the corresponding ratio estimates of 2.8096 to obtain estimates of lactation yield. Persistency of milk production calculated as follows:

Persistency % = (Milk kg at later test / Milk kg at earlier test) x 100

Statistical Analysis

The data were analyzed statistically using standard methods (Snedecor and Cochran, 1994) for one way analysis of variance (ANOVA) using general linear model of SPSS version 12 and Duncan’s multiple range tests was applied to test the significance. Significance was declared when P value is less than 0.05.

Result and Discussion

Milk Production

Productive performance in lactating indigenous cattle supplemented with molasses and mustard oil are presented in Table 1.

Table 1: Productive performance in lactating indigenous cattle supplemented with molasses and mustard oil.

Group I: Control; Group II: Mustard oil supplemented group; Group III: Molasses supplemented group

Means bearing different superscripts (a, b) within a column differ significantly (P<0.05).

There was significant increase (P<0.05) in the average daily milk yield in the animals supplemented with mustard oil and molasses as compare to control group. However, there was no significant difference between the group supplemented with mustard oil and molasses on milk yield. Highest average daily milk yield was recorded for the mustard oil supplementation group followed by molasses supplemented and control group. Increase in milk yield in treatment groups over control group might be due to the higher energy intake and more efficient use of oil and molasses (Bernal-Santos et al., 2003) and that also minimized the adverse effect of post partum negative energy balance. (Gowda et al., 2013).

Similar findings of increase in milk yield by supplementation of oil/fat and molasses in the form of energy source were reported by Shelke et al. (2012) in Murrah buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis), Gowda et al. (2013) and Mathew et al. (2014) in crossbred cows. However, Savsani et al. (2015) reported that there was no significant effect of feeding of energy source on milk yield in Jaffrabadi buffaloes. Significant increase in milk yield indicate that medium and high producing lactating cattle need the energy supplementation to meet their energy requirements fully to express their milk production potential.

Milk Composition

There was no significant increase in milk fat, protein, lactose and total solids in the milk of the animals supplemented with mustard oil and molasses as compared to control group. Highest milk fat % was recorded for the mustard oil supplementation group followed by molasses supplemented and control group. Increase in the milk fat in animal fed mustard oil and molasses may be due to exogenous supply of mustard oil and were directly incorporated in to the milk fat. Similar findings were reported by Sirohi et al. (2010) lactating crossbred cattle, Masahito (2011) in dairy cows, Garg et al. (2012) in crossbred cows, Shelke et al. (2012) in Murrah buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis), Savsani et al. (2015) in Jaffrabadi buffaloes.

However, George et al. (2014) in crossbred dairy cows reported there was no significant effect of feeding of energy supplement during on milk composition. No effect on milk protein was probably due to decreased in plasma fatty acids may be responsible for decrease in milk protein by decreasing concentration of circulating growth hormone or dietary fat might have imparted amino acid transport. insufficient critical amino acids needed for milk protein synthesis with increase in milk yield (Nawaz et al., 2008) and Whitlock et al. (2006) suggested that decreased in plasma fatty acids may be responsible for decrease in milk protein by decreasing concentration of circulating growth hormone or dietary fat might have imparted amino acid transport.

Milk Yield Traits

Effect of different treatments on milk yield traits in indigenous lactating cattle are presented in Table 2.

Table 2: Effect of different treatments on milk yield traits in indigenous lactating cattle

*mean with different superscript within column differ significantly (P<0.05)

The result of the study indicated that predicted lactation milk (305 days)  based on 90 days lactation yield was significantly (P<0.05) higher in supplemented group with mustard oil and the lowest in control group. The highest average peak yield and persistency of milk production was recorded in supplemented group with mustard oil followed by in supplemented group with molasses and control group respectively. The supplemented group with mustard oil animals attained their peak yield earlier as compared to supplemented group with molasses and control group. Similar finding were reported by Bhat (2000) and Singh et al. (2003) in crossbred cows.

Several studies have revealed diets containing supplemental fat often stimulate increased milk production because of in-creased energy intake, improved efficiency of utilization of energy, or both and lowers stress during early lactation which support higher milk production (Maiga and Schingoethe, 1997, Sampelayo et al., 2004 and Boken et al., 2005). Similar finding was also reported by Shelke and Thakur (2011) in buffaloes supplemented with bypass nutrients.

Conclusion

It is concluded that feeding of mustard oil and molasses resulted in increase in average daily milk yield, peak milk yield and predicted lactation yield and persistency of milk production in treatment group as compared to control group. The other milk components like fat, protein, lactose and solid not fat did not affected among the treatment groups. Feeding of mustard oil resulted in a higher net profit based on feeding cost per day due to higher milk production suggesting that this technology can be used for efficient milk production.

References

1. Bhat, A.S., Parmar, O.S. and Gill, R.S. 2000. Economical impact of challenge feeding on milk yield and its composition in high yielding crossbred Indian Journal of Dairy Science, 53(2): 93-98.
2. Boken S.L., Staples C.R., Sollenberger L.E., Jenkins T.C. and Thatcher W.W. (2005). Effect of grazing and fat supplementation on production and reproduction of Holstein cows. Dairy Sci. 88, 4258-4272.
3. Garg, M.R., Bhanderi, B.M. and Sherasia, P.L. (2012). Effect of supplementing bypass fat with rumen protected choline chloride on milk yield, milk composition and metabolic profile in crossbred cows. Journal of Dairy Science, 65(4): 319-323.
4. George, D., Ally, K., Mercy, A.D., Gangadevi, P. and Murali, P. 2014. Effect of energy supplementation during early lactation on milk composition and rumen fermentation parameters of crossbred dairy cows. International Journal of Agriculture and Food Science Technology, 5(2): 63-74.
5. Gowda, N.K.S., Manegar, A., Raghavendra, A., Verma, S., Maya, G., Pal, D.T. Suresh, K.P. and Sampath, K.T. Effect of protected fat supplementation to high yielding dairy cows in field condition. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 13: 125-130.
6. Garg, M .R., Sherasia, P. L., Bhanderi B. M, Gulati, S K. and Scott, T.W. 2008. Effect of feeding bypass fat supplement on milk production and characteristic of buffaloes. Indian Journal of Dairy Science 61 (1): 56–61.
7. Krishna Mohan D.V.G. and Reddy, Y. R. 2009. Role of bypass nutrients in small holder animal production. In: Animal Nutrition Association World Conference, New Delhi, India. Pp 45–48.
8. Maiga, H.A. and Schingoethe, D.J. 1997. Optimizing the utiliza-tion of animal fat and ruminal bypass proteins in the diets of lactating dairy cows. Dairy Sci. 80, 343-352.
9. Masahito, O. 2011. Effects of feeding sugars on productivity of lactating cows. Canadian Journal of Animal Science, 91(1): 37-46.
10. Mathew, J.J. and Zachariah, A.S. 2014. Evaluating effects of rumen escape fat supplementation on early lactation in crossbred cows. Intas Polyvet, 15(1): 47-51.
11. National Research Council 2001. Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle. 7th. rev. edn. Natl. Acad. Press, Washington, DC.
12. Nawaz, H., Yaqoob, M., Abdullah, M. and Khan, B.B. 2008. Effect of feeding different sources of supplemental fat on nutrient intake, milk production and composition in lactating NILI-Ravi Buffaloes. J. Agri. Sci. 45 (2):190-194.
13. Sampelayo, M.R.S., Alonso, J.J.M., Perez, L., Extrenera, F.G. and Boza, J. 2004. Dietary supplements for lactating goats by po-lyunsaturated fatty acid rich protected fat. Effect after supple-ment withdrawl. Dairy Sci. 87, 1796-1802.
14. Savsani, H.H., Murthy, K.S., Gajbhiye, P.U., Vataliya, P.H., Bhadoriya, A.R., Kalaria, V.A., Ghodasara, S.N. and Patil, S.S. 2015. Milk yield and composition and efficiency of nutrients for milk production in Jaffrabadi buffaloes on rations supplemented with varying levels of bypass fat. Buffalo Bulletin, 34(1): 113-123.
15. Shelke, S.K. and Thakur, S.S. 2011. Effect of the quality of milk and milk products in Murrah buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) fed rumen protected fat and protein. J. Dairy Sci. 6, 124-133.
16. Shelke, S.K., Thakur, S.S. and Amrutkar, S.A. 2012. Effect of feeding protected fat and proteins on milk production, composition and nutrient utilization in Murrah buffaloes. Journal of Animal Feed Science and Technology, 171(2):98-107.
17. Singh, J., Singh, B., Wadhwa, M. and Bakshi, M.P.S. 2003. Effect of level of feeding on the performance of crossbred cows during pre-and postpartum periods. Asian Australasian Journal of Animal Science, 16 (12): 1749-54.
18. Sirohi, S., Walli,T. K. And Mohanta, R.K. 2010. Supplementation effect of bypass fat on production performance of lactating crossbred cows. Indian Journal of Animal. Science, 80 (8): 733–736.
19. Snedecor G.W. and Cochran W.G. 1994. Statistical Methods, 8^th Iowa State University Press.
20. Thomas, C.K. and Sastry, N.S.R. 2012. Dairy Bovine Production, 2^nd revised Edn., Kalyani Publishers, New Delhi, India.
21. Whitlock, L.A., Schingoethe, A.A., AbuGhazaileh, A.R., Hippen and Kalscheur, K.F. 2006. Milk production and composition from cows fed amounts of fish oil with extruded soyabean. Journal of Dairy Science, 89:3972-2980.