NAAS Score – 4.31

Free counters!

UserOnline

Previous Next

Shelf Life Evaluation of Chicken Meat Nuggets Incorporated With Gooseberry (Pulp and Seed Coat) Powder as Natural Preservatives at Refrigerated Storage (4±1oC)

Goswami Mayank Bhavesh Prajapati Solanki Bhoomi Nalwaya Shishir Ashish Shendurse
Vol 9(5), 53-63
DOI- http://dx.doi.org/10.5455/ijlr.20181128065146

Antimicrobial effect of gooseberry pulp powder (GPP) and gooseberry seed coat powder (GSCP) were used as natural preservative in spent-hen meat nuggets. Treated product along with control were studied for their physico-chemical, proximate analysis and sensory quality during storage at refrigerated temperature (4±1oC). With the advancement of storage period, the values of pH, TBARS and microbiological count increased significantly (p≤0.05) in all samples. Coliform counts were not observed during the complete storage period. Proximate analysis of the products showed non-significant (p>0.05) effect with increasing storage period, however there was a significant (p≤0.05) increase in the moisture content. The sensory attributes were decreased significantly (p≤0.05) in all samples of nuggets during storage at refrigerated temperature (4±1oC). On the basis of results obtained, it is concluded that nuggets prepared with incorporation of GPP and GSCP had better shelf life and are highly acceptable than control.


Keywords : Gooseberry Pulp-Powder Gooseberry Seed Coat Powder Spent Hen Meat Nuggets Storage Study

Meat is considered as nutrient rich food and is valuable in planning healthy diets (Kondaiah et al., 2002). Price of unit chicken is much cheaper than mutton and chevon, as chicken meat is free from all religious taboos. Moreover, it also contains high quality protein. Owing to the phenomenal expansion of Indian chicken industry in global sector, accessibility of culled and spent hen has increased up to many folds. Egg producers worldwide dispose of about 2.60 billion spent hens annually (Singh et al., 2001). These culled stocks which are pondering as poor meat for its higher toughness, less juiciness, high collagen content (Abe et al., 1996) as contrast to the broiler. As a result, producers do not get remunerative prices; also consumers do not prefer such meat. Additionally, proper disposal of these spent hen meat is a problem for traders. Thus, there arises a need to search better alternatives for using spent hen meat.

The gooseberries (Emblica officinalis) has an unique and hallowed position in Ayurveda. It is native to India and grown simultaneously in tropical and subtropical regions of South East Asia (Liu et al., 2008). These gooseberries also have antimicrobial activities against various microorganisms. The fruit contains several components which are effective against pathogens like Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumonia, Pasteurellamultocida, Streptococcus pyogenes, Vibrio cholerae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Patil et al., 2012). Usually, gooseberry seed coat is discarded as waste after utilization. Such waste product (seed coat) should be utilized because it contains higher fibre and shows good anti-oxidants and antimicrobial activity. Seed coat powder contained higher water holding capacity and swelling capacity compared to gooseberry pulp powder (Goswami et al., 2017).

Development of novel products from these type of spent hen meat seems to be a better prospect for consumers due to low prices and high fat content and hence more suitable for processing (Kondaiah and Panda, 1992). It will also lead to enhancement of rheological characteristics and value addition. Recently spent hen and its by-products holds an important position in Indian market due to its availability. Among the variety of convenient meat products, chicken nuggets occupy a predominant place worldwide. Looking at the facts and figures mentioned above, a study was designed to observe the effectiveness of gooseberry (Emblica officinalis) pulp and its seed coat powder as preservative in chicken nuggets.

Materials and Methods

Procurement of Raw Materials, Chemicals and Media     

The spent hen meat above 52 weeks of age was procured from local market of Palanpur, Gujarat. Gooseberry, spices, condiments, refined wheat flour, table salt and refined oil were obtained from local market (Dantiwada, Gujarat). Chemicals and microbiological medias were procured from Hi-Media Laboratories Limited, Mumbai.

Preparation of Chicken Nuggets

Chicken nuggets were prepared by following the procedure of Verma et al. (2013).

 

 

Gooseberry Powder

The gooseberry fruits were cleaned thoroughly under tap water to remove adhering dust and wiped out with a muslin cloth. The fleshy part of gooseberry was grated and seed coat was separated manually. Gooseberry shreds were dried in hot air oven at 40-60ºC for 48 hrs. As the whole seeds were dried, they were broken along the ridges with a crackling sound. The seed coat was separated from the brown seed from each of the broken units. Finally, the dried gooseberry pulp and seed coat were grinded (Kenstar, Karishma), sieved through a fine mesh and stored at refrigerated temperature (4ºC) till further use.

Estimation of Physico-Chemical Characteristic of Chicken Nuggets

Estimation of TBA Value in Control and Treated Nuggets

The method of Witte et al. (1970) was followed for Thiobarbituric acid (TBA) value in fresh as well as in stored nuggets.

pH

For determination of pH, each treated nuggets were blended with distill water (five times the weight of the sample) to get uniform suspension. The pH was recorded by (pH analyzer LI 614 Elico) immersing electrode into aliquot of the sample till the value become stable.

Proximate Analysis

The product prepared was subjected to proximate analysis determined as per Association of Official Analytical Chemist (AOAC 1995) method i.e. moisture, protein, fat (ether extract (EE), crude fibre and total ash.

Microbiological Analysis

The products prepared were subjected to microbial analysis and determined as per American Public Health Association (APHA, 1992). The different microbiological aspects determined were: Total plate count, coliform count, yeast and mould count, psychrophilic counts.

Sensory Evaluation of Spent Hen Meat Nuggets

The sensory quality of sample was evaluated using 8-point descriptive scale (Keeton et al., 1983) whereas sensory analysis was conducted by sensory panel of seven semi-trained judges.

Storage Stability and Shelf Life of Spent Hen Nuggets

Chicken nuggets with best sensory attributes along with control was packed in low-density polyethylene (LDPE) pouches and was stored at refrigerated temperature (4±1ºC). The quality changes in the nuggets were evaluated after drawing sample periodically at 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20 days of storage.

Statistical Analysis

Statistical analysis of the data obtained was carried out as per the methods described by Snedecor and Cochran (1994).

Results and Discussion

Table 1: Effect of GPP and GSCP on physio-chemical characteristics of chicken nuggets (mean ± S.E).

Treatments Storage at Refrigeration Temperature (4±1oc)
0 day 5 day 10 day 15 day 20 day
pH
Control 6.16±0.06aA 6.22±0.06bA 6.36±0.06cA 6.48±0.05dA 6.66±0.05eA
0.5 % GPP 6.03±0.04aB 6.11±0.57bB 6.20±0.04cB 6.32±0.05dB 6.46±0.05eB
1.5 % GSCP 6.09±0.07aC 6.18±0.06bC 6.24±0.01cC 6.38±0.01dC 6.51±0.06eC
TBA Values (mg malonaldehyde/kg)
Control 0.37±0.08aA 0.43±0.05bA 0.63±0.05cA 0.76±0.08dA 0.94±0.06eA
0.5 % GPP 0.21±0.05aB 0.27±0.06bB 0.39±0.05cB 0.51±0.01dB 0.66±0.07eB
1.5 % GSCP 0.26±0.05aC 0.35±0.01bC 0.49±0.09cC 0.68±0.09dC 0.84±0.05eC
Total Plate Count
Control 1.95±0.05aA 2.48±0.03bA 3.20±0.04cA 4.64±0.05dA 5.10±0.06eA
0.5 % GPP 1.70±0.05aB 2.05±0.05bB 2.70±0.01cB 3.50±0.01 dB 4.32±0.06eB
1.5 % GSCP 1.82±0.04aC 2.2±0.08bC 2.95±0.03cC 3.88±0.07dC 4.78±0.05eC
Psychrophilic Count
Control NF 1.62±0.03aA 2.35±0.05bA 3.12±0.06cA 3.54±0.06dA
0.5 % GPP NF 1.42±0.06aB 2.2±0.06bB 2.84±0.05cB 3.30±0.05dB
1.5 % GSCP NF 1.48±0.09aC 2.28±0.04bC 2.95±0.03cC 3.43±0.03dC
Yeast and Mould Count
Control N.F 1.54±0.05aA 1.73±0.05bA 2.25±0.03cA 3.66±0.07dA
0.5 % GPP N.F 1.28±0.03aB 1.54±0.03bB 2.06±0.04cB 3.22±0.07dB
1.5 % GSCP N.F 1.42±0.05aC 1.62±0.06bC 2.12±0.05cC 3.38±0.07dC

Mean ± S.E with different small letter superscripts in rows and capital letter superscripts in columns within each parameter differ significantly (p≤0.05); n꞊6.

There was a significant (p≤0.05) increase in pH, TBA, TPC, pychrophilic count, yeast and mould counts in control, GPP and GSCP incorporated nuggets with advancement of storage period. During the study, psychrophilic count, yeast and mould count was not observed on 0th day of storage. Coliforms were not detected in both control and treatment groups. At the 20th day of storage the values of all parameters viz. pH, TBA, TPC, psychrophilic count, yeast and mould counts were recorded highest for control and lowest for GPP added samples. After the 20th day of sensory evaluation, GPP added products were not acceptable by the sensory panel, so further physico-chemical analysis was stopped for aerobic packaged nuggets.

A significant (p≤0.05) decrease in pH was observed in the products with the incorporation of GPP and GSCP. This is attributable to the innate pH of the GPP which was estimated as 2.58 and acid terminal residues in the starch molecules produced by depolymerisation of starch granules during cooking (Perez, 1997). Increase in pH during storage period may be due to bacterial growth which lead to increased breakdown of meat proteins and production of amines during storage of samples. Result of above findings were in accordance with the studies conducted by Giriprasad et al. (2015) and Bariya et al. (2016) who observed an increase in pH from 10th day of storage in buffalo meat steaks and goat meat patties. In contrast to the above findings Zargar et al. (2014) found a decrease in the pH value of chicken meat sausage incorporated with pumpkin powder. It was reported that addition of GPP and GSCP have significantly (p≤0.05) reduced the TBA values of nuggets during the storage period. This might be because, both GPP and GSCP are good sources of antioxidant (Mishra and Mhanta, 2014). These results were matched with Giriprasad et al. (2015) in buffalo meat steaks, the TBA values were significantly low in mousambi peel and amla powder treated steaks. Bariya et al. (2016) reported significantly lower TBA value of both amla pulp and amla seed coat extract treated goat meat patties than control. Similar findings were observed by Kumar et al. (2015) in pork patties, Mielnik et al. (2006) in turkey meat and Bhat et al. (2017) in chicken cutlets.

At the end of the storage GPP treated sample were found to be lowest in TPC whereas yeast and mould count was below the permissible limit i.e. within 7 log10 cfu for cooked meat products (Jay, 1996). It might be due to antimicrobial properties of both powders.  Similar results were reported by Bali et al. (2011) who compared antimicrobial properties of garlic and coriander on chicken sausage and Singh et al. (2014) who studied preservative effect of clove powder, ginger and garlic paste in raw chicken emulsion. Coliform counts were not observed in either of the samples during storage period. It could be possible due to cooking of product to an internal temperature of 72°C, which might have been lethal to the coliforms and reflecting the good hygienic practices during the processing of products. Similar results were also obtained by Kumar et al. (2010) who added green banana and soybean hulls flour in chicken nuggets. These findings were supported by Malav et al. (2013) and Bhat et al. (2017). Psychrophilic counts were not detected on 0th day of storage in the treated as well as control but it was quite detectable in 5thday of storage in both the groups. This could be due to the destruction of psychrophiles during cooking (Giriprasad et al., 2015). Psychrophiles constantly remained lower than the log 10th value of threshold level (4 cfu/g) for acceptability of cooked meat products (Jay, 1996). Naveena et al. (2008), found buffalo meat steaks incorporated with either lactic acid + clove or lactic acid + clove + vitamin C had significantly (p≤0.05) lower psychrophiles than control or lactic acid treated samples. In contrast, Malav et al. (2013) found that on 15th day of storage psychrophilic colonies for both the treatments were significantly higher (p≤0.05) than control.

 

 

 

Table 2: Effect of GPP and GSCP on sensory characteristics of chicken nuggets (mean ± S.E)

Treatments Storage at refrigeration temperature (4±1oC)
Colour and appearance
  0 day 5 day 10 day 15 day 20 day
Control 7.50±0.09aA 7.30±0.03bA 6.90±0.03cA 6.60±0.07dA 6.20±0.07eA
0.5 % GPP 7.30±0.06aB 7.12±0.03abA 7.04±0.03bcA 6.91±0.05cB 6.70±0.04dB
1.5 % GSCP 7.20±0.06aB 7.10±0.02aC 6.90±0.03aA 6.80±0.05cB 6.50±0.01cC
Flavour
Control 7.40±0.03aA 7.30±0.01bA 7.00±0.03cA 6.85±0.03dA 6.76±0.03eA
0.5 % GPP 7.35±0.07aA 7.27±0.01bA 7.07±0.09cB 6.92±0.01dA 6.70±0.06eB
1.5 % GSCP 7.20±0.02aB 7.08±0.02bB 6.88±0.02cC 6.73±0.01dB 6.65±0.01eB
Juiciness
Control 7.20±0.05aA 7.11±0.06bA 6.85±0.06cA 6.74±0.07dA 6.60±0.05eA
0.5 % GPP 7.24±0.07aB 7.18±0.05bB 7.05±0.06cB 6.94±0.05dB 6.82±0.06eB
1.5 % GSCP 7.32±0.05aC 7.26±0.05bC 7.12±0.04cC 7.01±0.05dC 6.88±0.07eC
Texture
Control 7.22±0.05aA 7.10±0.06bA 6.98±0.05bA 6.67±0.04cA 6.45±0.04dA
0.5 % GPP 7.34±0.01aA 7.16±0.06bA 7.00±0.06cA 6.83±0.04dB 6.56±0.06eB
1.5 % GSCP 7.30±0.05aA 7.15±0.05bA 6.97±0.04cA 6.80±0.03dB 6.70±0.05eA
Overall acceptability
Control 7.35±0.04aA 7.22±0.04bA 7.05±0.04cA 6.85±0.05dA 6.60±0.03eA
0.5 % GPP 7.20±0.06aB 7.10±0.04abA 6.96±0.02cA 6.82±0.02dA 6.70±0.06eA
1.5 % GSCP 7.12±0.01aB 7.00±0.02abB 6.88±0.02cB 6.67±0.01dB 6.50±0.07eB

Mean ± S.E with different small letter superscripts in rows and capital letter superscripts in columns within each parameter differ significantly (p≤0.05); n꞊6.

In sensory evaluation, all the characteristics like colour, appearance, flavour, juiciness, texture and overall acceptability indicated significant (p≤0.05) decreasing trend after 5th day of storage period at refrigeration temperature in both control and treatment nuggets. At the end of storage study, GPP incorporated nuggets showed highest sensory score compared to control and GSCP. Decrease in scores of colour and appearance could be due to lipid oxidation, non-enzymatic browning as well as surface dehydration in LDPE packaging. These findings are in agreement with the observations of Najeeb et al. (2014) in restructured chicken slices. Bariya et al. (2016) observed that goat meat patties packed in LDPE had developed yellowish light brown colour after 15 days of storage. Nayak et al. (2015) also reported similar result by caragreen added low-fat nuggets.

There was significant decline in juiciness of nuggets which could be due to loss of moisture from the products during storage and presence of oxygen inside the aerobic packaging. Similar to the present findings, Zargar et al. (2014) observed significant (p≤0.05) decrease in juiciness of chicken sausages prepared with pumpkin as well as control throughout the storage period. The results were in accordance with findings of Thomas et al. (2006) and Najeeb et al. (2014). Significant decrease in flavour scores might be due to development of oxidative rancidity and microbial deterioration in products. Similar findings were reported by Najeeb et al. (2014) in restructured chicken slices incorporated with fruits (red grapes, gooseberry and tomato) powder. Bariya et al. (2016) use gooseberry pulp and gooseberry seed coat extract in goat meat patties. A decrease in texture during storage was observed in control as well as GPP and GSCP powder added nuggets. Higher texture score for GSCP incorporated nuggets might be due to its higher fibre contain compared to GPP. Decline in textural scores could be due to denaturation of proteins at low pH and degradation of muscle fibre proteins by bacterial action (Jay, 1996), which resulted in decreased water binding capacity. Bali et al. (2011) incorporated garlic and coriander powder in chicken sausage which was stored at refrigerated temperature and observed that it produces the similar results wherein garlic group was superior than coriander and control. The results were in accordance with findings of reduction in texture scores during storage period which have also been reported by Malav et al. (2013), Das et al. (2013) and Zagar et al. (2014).

Table 3: Effect of GPP and GSCP on proximate composition of chicken nuggets (mean ± S.E)

Treatments Storage at Refrigeration Temperature (4±1oC)
Moisture
  0 day 5 day 10 day 15 day 20 day
Control 63.25±0.02aA 63.28±0.02abA 63.30±0.02abA 63.32±0.01bA 63.49±0.002cA
0.5 % GPP 63.23±0.01aB 63.31±0.09bB 63.36±0.01bB 63.43±0.01cB 63.50±0.08dB
1.5 % GSCP 63.27±0.03aC 63.38±0.03bC 63.45±0.01cC 63.53±0.002dC 63.75±0.04eC
Crude Protein
Control 18.84±0.05aA 18.78±0.05bA 18.74±0.07cA 18.75±0.05dA 18.80±0.04deA
0.5 % GPP 18.68±0.05aB 18.73±0.56bB 18.62±0.05cB 18.64±0.0505dB 18.66±0.05eB
1.5 % GSCP 18.54±0.06aC 18.61±0.08bC 18.56±0.05cC 18.54±0.05cC 18.55±0.04aC
Ether Extract
Control 14.63±0.08aA 14.62±0.06aA 14.58±0.05bA 14.59±0.06bA 14.65±0.06cA
0.5 % GPP 14.22±0.07aB 14.23±0.08abB 14.25±0.04cB 14.24±0.05cdB 14.21±0.04aB
1.5 % GSCP 14.12±0.08aC 14.10±0.06bC 14.08±0.06bC 14.08±0.06bC 14.09±0.05bC
Total Ash
Control 2.38±0.03aC 2.40±0.08aC 2.35±0.07bC 2.35±0.14bC 2.31±0.05cC
0.5 % GPP 2.56±0.07aA 2.57±0.08aA 2.54±0.08bA 2.54±0.05bA 2.50±0.05cA
1.5 % GSCP 2.45±0.05acB 2.47±0.06aB 2.43±0.05cB 2.44±0.08cB 2.40±0.04dB
Crude Fibre
Control 0.60±0.06aA 0.59±0.07abA 0.57±0.05bcA 0.58±0.07abA 0.55±0.06cA
0.5 % GPP 0.75±0.08abB 0.73±0.07bcB 0.72±0.06cB 0.75±0.08aB 0.75±0.04abB
1.5 % GSCP 0.87±0.07aC 0.85±0.06abC 0.84±0.06bC 0.85±0.05abC 0.87±0.05aC

Mean ± S.E with different small letter superscripts in rows and capital letter superscript in columns within each parameter differ significantly (p≤0.05).

During storage study, overall acceptability of product decreases which might be due to decline in value of other sensory characteristics, increased fat oxidation, protein degradation and mild off flavour due to fat degradation. These findings were in agreement with the findings of Malav et al. (2013) who evaluated chicken meat blocks with sorghum flour and potato in which they found significant decrease in overall acceptability scores for treatment products as compared to control. Similar trends of reduction in overall acceptability scores at the end of storage period have also been reported by Zagar et al. (2014), Giriprasad et al. (2015) and Najeeb et al. (2014).

The moisture value of all nugget samples were significantly increased (p≤0.05) during storage period which may be due to the permeability of low-density polyethylene to the water vapour. Chicken nuggets incorporated with 1.5% GSCP showed highest value for moisture during the entire storage period as compared to control and GPP incorporated nuggets which could be because the seed coat powder contained higher water holding capacity and swelling capacity with mean value of 9.5 g water/g dry water basis and 12.86 mL water/g dwb (Goswami et al., 2017). Similar results were also found by Kumar et al. (2010) who incorporated green banana flour and soya hull flour in chicken nuggets. Fernandes-gines et al. (2004) reported cooked lamon albedo fibres (2.5-5 %) in bolongas sausages which showed higher moisture content than control. During storage period there was no significant change in crude protein and ether extract (EE) value of spent hen meat nuggets. Control nuggets showed highest value for crude protein and EE during entire storage period as compared to the GPP and GSCP incorporated nuggets. The lower protein and EE content of treatment groups might due to replacement of lean meat by GPP and GSCP which is low in fat content. Verma et al. (2012) studied the effect of sodium chloride replacement and added hull flour in chicken nuggets in which they found fat content remained almost similar (p>0.05) for control and treatment groups. Singh et al. (2011) also found non-significant change in fat during 30 days of storage period at 30±2°C. Bhattacharya et al. (2017) studied the effect of date palm fruit added in chicken nuggets in which they found fat content remained almost similar (p>0.05) for control and treatment groups.

The incorporation of GPP and GSCP in nuggets results in higher ash content of the nuggets as compared to control. Results were in agreement with Das et al. (2013) who found that fermented bamboo shoot incorporated with chicken nuggets registered higher total ash content as compared to the control. The results were also in accordance with the findings of Verma et al. (2012) and Singh et al.  (2011). GSCP nuggets showed non-significant values for crude fibre during entire storage period as compared to the control and GPP added nuggets. Das et al. (2013) reported significantly higher (p≤0.01) contents of crude fibre in treated nuggets as compared to the control product. Verma et al. (2010) observed that there was significant (p≤0.05) increase in dietary fibre content of chicken nuggets by sodium chloride replacement and apple pulp inclusion. As per the above findings Kumar et al. (2013) tried a combination of green banana and soybean hulls flours in chicken nuggets and evidenced similar results. Reddy et al. (2017) studied the effect of cereal flour in chicken meat sausage and experienced similar results.

Conclusion

The present study showed that incorporation of GPP and GSCP as a natural preservative improved the physic-chemical, proximate and sensory properties of the spent hen meat nuggets. GPP and GSCP contain various antimicrobial and antioxidant component which help to extend the shelf life of product. Chicken nuggets could be conveniently packed in LDPE for a period of 20 days in refrigerated (4 ± 1°C) condition. Results of the above study suggested that nuggets incorporated with GPP and GSCP from spent hen meat were highly acceptable.

Acknowledgement

Authors are grateful to Director of Research and Dean, Faculty of Veterinary Science and A.H., Sardarkrushinagar Dantiwada Agricultural University, Sardarkrushinagar for providing necessary facilities to carry out above research work.

References

  1. Abe S, Hirata A, Kimura T and Yamauchi K (1996). Effects of collagen on the toughness of meat from spent laying hens.Journal of the Japanese Society for Food Science and Technology, 43(7), 831-834.
  2. AOAC (1995). Official methods of analysis. Association of Official Analytical chemists. 16th Washington, D.C.
  3. APHA (1992). Compendium of methods for the microbiological examination of foods 2nd ML Speak, America.
  4. Bali A, Das SK, Khan A, Patra A, Biswas S and Bhattacharyya D (2011). A comparative study on antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of coriander and garlic on chicken sausage. International Journal of Meat Sci. 1(2), 108-116.
  5. Bariya AR, Chavada PJ, Nalwaya SB, Prajapati BI and Roy SK (2016). Shelf life assessment of cooked goat meat patties incorporated with amla fruit and amla seed coat extract at refrigerated storage (4±1ºc). International Journal of Agriculture Sciences, 8(52), 2560-2565.
  6. Bhat AA, Kumar A, Sheikh SA, Dar MY and ul Haq Z (2017). Utilisation of mango peel powder as phytopreservative in the refrigeration storage of chicken cutlets. International Journal of Livestock Research, 7(1), 90-99.
  7. Bhattacharya D, Kandeepan G and Chauhan P (2017). Development and evaluation of chicken meat nuggets enriched with date palm fruit (Phoenix dactylifera L.) International Journal of Livestock Research, 8(7), 287-295.
  8. Das A, Nath D R, Kumari S and Saha R (2013). Effect of fermented bamboo shoot on the quality and shelf life of nuggets prepared from desi spent hen. Veterinary World, 6(7).
  9. Fernandez-Gines J M, Fernandez-Lopez J, Sayas-Barbera E and Sendra E. JA Perez-A lvarez (2004). Lemon albedo as a new source of dietary fiber: Application to bologna sausages. Meat Science, 67, 7-13.
  10. Giriprasad R, Sharma BD, Kandeepan G, Mishra BP and Yasothai R (2015). Shelf life evaluation of functional restructured buffalo meat steaks fortified with mousambi peel powder and amla powder at refrigerated storage (4±1° C). International Food Research Journal, 22(4).
  11. Goswami M, Prajapati B, Nalwaya S, Solanki B, Deokar S and Solanki T (2017). Effect of gooseberry pulp and gooseberry seed coat powder (Emblica officinalis) on some quality and sensory attributes of chicken nuggets. Trends in Biosciences, 10(28), 6063-6069.
  12. Jay JM (1996). In: Modern Food Microbiology 4th edition, C.B.S. Publisher and distributors, New Delhi.
  13. Keeton JT (1983). Effects of fat and NaCl/phosphate levels on the chemical and sensory properties of pork patties. Journal of Food Science, 48(3), 878-881.
  14. Kondaiah N and Panda B (1992). Processing and utilization of spent hens. World’s Poultry Science Journal, 48(3), 255-268.
  15. Kondaiah N (2002). Meat and by-products. In: Handbook of animal husbandry. 3rd revised edition. New Delhi: Dipa ICAR. Pp 950-975.
  16. Kumar V, Biswas AK, Sahoo J, Chatli MK and Devatkal SK (2010). Quality evaluation of chicken nuggets formulated with green banana and soybean hulls flours. Indian Journal of Poultry Science, 45(3), 330-335.
  17. Kumar V, Biswas AK, Sahoo J, Chatli MK, and Sivakumar S (2013). Quality and storability of chicken nuggets formulated with green banana and soybean hulls flours. Journal of Food Science and Technology, 50(6), 1058-1068.
  18. Kumar V, Chatli MK, Wagh RV, Mehta N and Kumar P (2015). Effect of the combination of natural antioxidants and packaging methods on quality of pork patties during storage. Journal of Food Science and Technology, 52(10), 6230-6241.
  19. Liu X, Cui C, Zhao M, Wang J, Luo W, Yang B and Jiang Y (2008). Identification of phenolics in the fruit of emblica (Phyllanthusemblica L.) and their antioxidant activities. Food Chemistry, 109(4), 909-915.
  20. Malav OP, Sharma BD, Talukder S, Kumar RR, and Mendiratta SK (2013). Shelf life evaluation of restructured chicken meat blocks extended with sorghum flour and potato at refrigerated storage (4±1° C). International Food Research Journal, 20(1).
  21. Mielnik MB, Olsen E, Vogt G, Adeline D and Skrede G (2006). Grape seed extract as antioxidant in cooked, cold stored turkey meat. Food Science and Technology, 39, 191-198.
  22. Mishra P and Mhanta CL (2014). Comparative analysis of functional and nutritive values of amla (Emblica Officinalis) fruit, seed and seed coat powder. American Journal of Food Technology, 9(3), 151-161.
  23. Najeeb AP, Mandal PK and Pal UK (2014). Efficacy of fruits (red grapes, gooseberry and tomato) powder as natural preservatives in restructured chicken slices. International Food Research Journal, 21(6).
  24. Naveena BM, Sen AR, Vaithiyanathan S, Babji Y and Kondaiah N (2008). Comparative efficacy of pomegranate juice, pomegranate rind powder extract and BHT as antioxidants in cooked chicken patties. Meat Science, 80(4), 1304-1308.
  25. Nayak NK, Pathak V, Singh VP, Goswami M and Bharti SK (2015). Quality of Carrageenan Incorporated Low Fat Chicken Nuggets during Refrigerated Storage at 4o Livestock Research International Journal, 3, 7-13.
  26. Patil SG, Deshmukh AA, Padol AR and Kale DB (2012). In vitro antibacterial activity of Emblica officinalis fruit extract by tube dilution method. Int J Toxicol Appl Pharmacol, 2(4), 49-51.
  27. Perez E (1997). Characterization of starch isolate from plantain (Musa paradisiacalnormalis). Starch-Starke, 49, 45–49.
  28. Reddy DM, Babu AJ, Vani S and Rao BE (2017). Improving dietary fiber content of chicken meat sausages using cereal based extenders. International Journal of Livestock Research, 7(5), 203-208.
  29. Singh P, Sahoo J, Chatli MK and Biswas AK (2014). Shelf life evaluation of raw chicken meat emulsion incorporated with clove powder, ginger and garlic paste as natural preservatives at refrigerated storage (4±1° C). International Food Research Journal, 21(4).
  30. Singh RRB, Rao KH, Anjaneyulu ASR and Patil GR (2001). Moisture sorption properties of smoked chicken sausages from spent hen meat. Food Research International, 34(2-3), 143-148.
  31. Singh VP, Sanyal MK, Dubey PC and Mendirtta SK (2011). Quality assessment of vacuum packaged chicken snacks stored at room temperature. Journal of Stored Products and Postharvest Research, 2(6), 120-126.
  32. Snedecor GW and Cochran WG (1994). In “Statistical methods” 8th Oxford and IBH Publishing House, Calcutta.
  33. Thomas R, Anjaneyulu ASR and Kondaiah N (2006). Quality and shelf life evaluation of emulsion and restructured buffalo meat nuggets at cold storage (4±1°C). Meat Science, 72, 373–379.
  34. Verma AK, Banerjee R and Sharma BD (2012). Quality of low fat chicken nuggets: effect of sodium chloride replacement and added chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) hull flour. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences, 25(2), 291.
  35. Verma AK, Rajkumar V, Banerjee R, Biswas S and Das AK (2013). Guava (Psidiumguajava L.) powder as an antioxidant dietary fibre in sheep meat nuggets. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences, 26(6), 886.
  36. Verma AK, Sharma BD and Banerjee R (2010). Effect of sodium chloride replacement and apple pulp inclusion on the physico-chemical, textural and sensory properties of low fat chicken nuggets. LWT-Food Science and Technology, 43(4), 715-719.
  37. Witte VC, Krause GF and Bailey ME (1970). A new extraction method for determining 2-thiobarbituric acid values of pork and beef during storage. Journal of Food Science, 35(5), 582-585.
  38. Zargar FA, Kumar S, Bhat ZF and Kumar P (2014). Effect of pumpkin on the quality characteristics and storage quality of aerobically packaged chicken sausages. Springer Plus, 3(1), 39.
Abstract Read : 6575 Downloads : 1372
Previous Next

Similar Articles

Open Access Policy

Close