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Study of Non Starch Polysaccharide Enzymes in Relation to Performance and Commercial Utilization of Low Energy Cereal Based Diet in Broiler Chickens

Surajit Baksi Pravinsinh Chauhan Nirav Rao Ashish Chauhan
Vol 8(1), 84-89
DOI- http://dx.doi.org/10.5455/ijlr.20170718105509

This experiment was performed to evaluate the effect of Non starch polysaccharide (NSP) enzymes product (a mixture of xylanase, cellulase, hemicellulase, β-glucanase, α-amylase, protease, pectinase and β-mannanase), supplemented in cereal based diet on broiler performance. Total 120 day old broiler birds were randomly divided in two experimental groups. Control group received normal cereal based diet and treatment group received NSP enzyme mixed diet (1g/kg of diet). The results showed that NSP supplemented diet improved body weight gain by 5.1% (p<0.05) and also improved feed conversion ratio (FCR) by 5.21% (p<0.05). Nutrient retention also increased significantly (p<0.05) in treatment group as compared to control. No significant difference found in feed intake between groups, however intestinal viscosity and intestinal pH were reduced significantly in treated group. The results suggest that supplementation of NSP enzyme to cereal based diet improves digestibility, reduce the viscosity of gut and improves the performance of birds.


Keywords : Broilers Digestibility Non Starch Polysaccharide Enzymes

Introduction

In poultry industry, commercial poultry producers are trying different approaches for better growth and economic broiler production. Different types of growth promoters activate the liver of the birds and helps in better synthesis of amino acids, better utilization of nutrients, minimizing the effect of afflatoxins and intestinal pathogens and there by helps in growth (Roy et al., 2002; Bansal et al., 2011). Cereals and vegetable protein sources are the major ingredients in poultry rations (Nikam et al., 2017). These ingredients contain 10-75% of non-starch polysaccharide (NSP). The major detrimental effect of NSP are associated with the viscous nature of these polysaccharides, their physiological and morphological effect on the digestive tract and the interaction with the micro flora of the gut (Choct and Annison, 1991; Choct et al., 1996). The mechanism includes altered intestinal transit time, modification of intestinal mucosa and changes to hormonal regulation due to varied rate of nutrient absorption (Vahouny, 1982). The primary objective of using enzymes is to enhance nutrient digestibility, focusing primarily on minimizing the anti-nutritive effects of NSP, such as arabinoxylans and β-glucans in broiler diets based on wheat, rye or barley which increase the viscosity of digesta. Soybean meal (SBM) is being used as sole protein source which contains about 29% NSP. Similarly, other major ingredients used in broiler and layer diets i.e., maize and rice bran contain 9 and 25% NSP respectively, half of which is cellulose. The beneficial effect of the NSP degrading enzymes is primarily the reduction in the viscosity in gastrointestinal tract and increase in the availability of sugars. The reduction in viscosity is due to breakdown of NSP into smaller polymers which leads to prevention of formation of viscous networks. Due to breakdown of NSP, their respective monosaccharides; starch present within endosperm are released, digested and this results in release of more glucose  The digestibility of carbohydrates contained in cereal based diet is an important determinant of the available energy content which is hindered by many anti nutritional principles like arabinoxylons. Supplementation of cereal based diets with NSP-degrading enzymes (xylanase, glucanases, cellulases) reduces digesta viscosity and increases nutrient availability by breaking down NSP fractions (Simon, 1998; Nilufar et al., 2012).  The aim of present research work was to study the comparative effect of non-starch polysaccharide enzymes in cereal based low energy diet on broiler growth performance, nutrient retention, gut health and tissue integrity.

Materials and Methods

120 day old healthy commercial broiler chicks were randomly distributed in two experimental groups (Table 1). Each group consists of six replications and ten birds in each replicate. All the broiler chicks were weighed and wing banded. Treatment group was fed with cereal based diet with NSP enzymes procured from Hester Biosciences Limited, which is a blend of xylanase, β-mannanase, protease, xylanase, β-glucanase and cellulose. Total duration of experiment was 21 days. The control group was fed with normal cereal based diet. Birds were given broiler starter feed (for 7-21 days age) and details of ingredient composition and nutrient level of experimental diet are shown in Tables 2 and 3. The birds were kept in wired 3-level battery cages from 7 to 21 days in environmentally controlled pen house. Diet was fed in mash form and ad libitum access to feed and water. Diets were formulated to meet or nutrient requirements as per ICAR feeding standards. Weekly body weight and feed intake were recorded.

Table 1: Experimental groups

Group Diet
Control Cereal based Diet
Treatment Cereal based Diet with NSP enzyme

Table 2: Experimental Diet

Ingredients Percentage
Wheat 54
Corn 10.5
Soyabean meal 31
Dicalcium phosphate 1.28
Ground limestone 1.5
Lycine-HCL 0.26
DL-methionine 0.11
Salt 0.35
Premix 1.0
Total 100.00

Table 3: Nutrient composition (% dry matter basis) of broiler starter diet

Nutrients Control Treatment
Dry matter 93.25 93.31
Crude protein 19.85 19.7
Ether extract 5.56 5.5
Crude fiber 4.2 4.2
Nitrogen free extract 62.88 63.2
Total ash 0.76 0.71

Sample Collection

At the end of the experiment, metabolic trial of four days duration was conducted to determine the nutrient utilization. The samples of feed, feed residue and feces were collected separately during trial. The samples were analyzed for proximate principles as per the method of AOAC, (2000). After trial 24 birds or 2 birds in each replicate were slaughtered to access the carcass characteristics.

Gut Health

The digesta was collected from distal portion of small intestine during slaughter. 2 g of digesta was collected and centrifuged at 5000 rpm for 10 minutes at 20 °C. An aliquot of supernatant (0.5 to 1 ml) was collected and stored in capped vials for viscosity determination.  The digesta collected in centrifuge tubes was utilized for measuring the pH.

 

 

Histology of Intestine

The pieces of part of duodenum were collected and preserved with 10% normal saline for histolopathological study. After proper fixation the intestinal tissue was trimmed and subjected to overnight washing, dehydration in various percentages of alcohol, cleaning in xylol and embedding in paraffin wax for preparation of blocks (Clayden, 1962). The paraffin blocks were cut into 5 µm thick sections and stained with routine H and E stain (Culling, 1957) and used for microscopic examination. All data were entered into Microsoft Excel worksheet and analyzed by IBM SPSS 20 software.

Results and Discussion

Growth Performance

The growth performance of birds of both groups is presented in Table 4. Non starch polysaccharide enzymes containing diet supplementation increased body weight gain by 5.1% (p<0.05) and also improved FCR by 5.21% (p<0.05). There was significant increase in body weight and feed conversion ratio in treatment group as compared to control. Similar effect was observed in previous study (Jung et al., 2008). There was no significant difference found in feed intake between groups.

Table 4: Effect of Non starch polysaccharide supplementation on performance of animals

Items Control

 

NSP supplemented feed SEM p value
Initial body weight 126.20 127.02 1.55 0.4533
After 21 days  
Body Weight gain (g/birds) 479.70 505.48 4.47 0.0142
Feed intake (g/birds) 763.80 764.23 11.78 0.846
Feed conversion ratio 1.63 1.54 0.02 0.046

Data are represented as Mean ± SEM

Nutrient Retention

There was significant influence observed in nutrient retention with treatment group compared to that of control group (Table 5). Results showed that dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), nitrogen free extract (NFE), total ash (TA) and pH were found significantly increased (p<0.05) in NSP enzymes supplemented group. Crude fibre value was found decreased, but not statistically significant (p>0.05). Similar findings were reported by Bhatt et al. (1991), where supplementation of broiler ration with NSP enzyme could improve digestibility of DM and CP.

 

Table 5: Nutrient retention and intestinal pH of broiler diet supplemented with NSP enzyme and without NSP enzyme

Diet DM OM CP CF EE NFE ASH Viscosity pH
Control diet 59.03 67.35 65.74 35.71 61.69 58.57 31.57 8.1 6.8
NSP enzyme supplemented diet 65.92 77.14 69.03 33.33 76 66.56 36.661 4.48 5.2
SEM 1.13 3.1 1.03 2.28 0.93 2 1.85 0.2 0.63
p value 0.165 0.0021 0.041 0.0027 0.0024 0.0024 0.075 0.001 0.001

Data are represented in percentage unit and Mean ± SEM

Gut Health

The intestinal microbiota plays an important role in the normal nutritional, physiological, immunological and protective functions of the host animals. The composition and metabolic activity of the intestinal microbiota can be influenced by the diet. The present study shows there were changes in the ileal villus of intestinal surface. It became broad in NSP supplemented group as compared to control group (Fig. 1).

  • Normal gut (B)  Gut from the NSP enzyme supplement diet group

Fig.1: Histopathological examination of gut showing effect of NSP enzyme supplemented diet

Wageha et al. (2008) and Narsimba et al. (2013) also studied the effect of combination of enzyme and prebiotics on gut performance, where increase in the villus height and thus, increased surface area for better absorption available.

Conclusion

The current study concluded that supplementation of non starch polysaccharide enzyme in cereal based diet improve digestibility, reduce the viscosity of gut and improve the performance of birds.

References

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  2. Bansal GR, Singh VP, and Sachan N. (2011). Performance of commercial broiler chicks as affected by enzyme Supplementation. International Journal of Livestock Research 1(1): 45-51.
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  10. Nikam M, Reddy V, Raju M, Reddy K and Narasimha J. (2017). Effect of dietary Supplementation of non starch Polysaccharide Hydrolyzing enzymes on performance of Broilers fed diets based on guar meal, rape seed meal and cotton seed meal. International Journal of Livestock Research 7(2): 180-190.
  11. Narasimha J, Nagalakshmi D and Venkateswerlu M. (2013). Performance of Broiler chicken fed sub-optimal energy diets supplemented with enzymes and prebiotics alone or in combination. Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology 3(4): 64-68.
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