Salmonellosis As a Global Foodborne Pathogen: A Review

Authors

  • Begna Bulcha Wallaga University, School of Veterinary Medicine, Nekemte, ETHIOPIA
  • Gemachu Kinati Leka Dullacha District Livestock and Fishery development, Jarso Gute Veterinary Clinic, ETHIOPIA

Keywords:

Contamination, Foodborne, Public Health, Salmonella

Abstract

Salmonella is a ubiquitous bacterium of worldwide public health concern, contributing to the economic burden of both industrialized and underdeveloped countries through the costs associated with surveillance, prevention, and treatment of disease. At this time, over 2500 Salmonella serotypes have been recognized and more than half of them belong to Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica, which accounts for the majority of Salmonella infections in humans. This review aims to highlight the background information on Salmonella as a food-borne pathogen and illustrate the breaking point of this food-borne pathogen along with its economic and public health burden. The pathogen naturally exists in the environment and animals and its byproducts. Food-borne transmission is recognized as the major cause of salmonella infections. Poultry, pigs, and cattle, and their products like meat, eggs, and milk are most commonly identified as food sources responsible for outbreaks of human salmonellosis. Risk factors like the habit of raw animal product consumption, unstandardized slaughtering process, and nonhygienic food-preparation procedures may put people at of Salmonella infection.  Thus, to the effect collaboration between human and veterinary practitioners is very crucial to increase the awareness and education toward the disease, especially among susceptible risky groups.

References

Abd El-Ghany, W (2020). Salmonellosis: A food borne zoonotic and public health disease in Egypt. J Infect DevCtries 2020; 14(7):674-678.

Abdi Reta D., Fisseha M., ,Ashenafi F., Takele B., , Hika W., Bedasso M., Dinka A and Fufa A., (2017). Determination of the sources and antimicrobial resistance patterns of Salmonella isolated from the poultry industry in Southern Ethiopia. BMC Infectious Diseases (2017) 17:352.

Abebe E, Gugsa G, and Meselu A., (2020): Review on Major Food-Borne Zoonotic Bacterial Pathogens. Journal of Tropical Medicine, Volume 2020, Article ID 4674235, 19 pages.

Abunna F, Jote H, Beyene T, Ayana D, Feyisa A, Duguma R. (2017).Isolation, Identification and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Profile of Salmonella Isolates from Abattoir and Dairy Farms in and Around Holeta Town, Oromia, Ethiopia. J Vet Med Res. 2017; 4: 1113.

Addis M. and Sisay D,. (2015): “A review on major food borne bacterial illnesses,” Journal of Tropical Diseases, vol. 3, no. 4, pp. 1–7.

Addis M. and. Sisay D, (2015):“A review on major food borne bacterial illnesses,” Journal of Tropical Diseases, vol. 3, no. 4, pp. 1–7.

Addis Z, Kebede N, Sisay Z, Alemayehu H, Wubetie A, Kassa T. (2011). Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella isolated from lactating cows and in contact humans in dairy farms of Addis Ababa: a cross sectional study. BMC infectious diseases. 11: 222.

Ahmed AM, Shimamoto T, Shimamoto T (2014) Characterization of integrons and resistance genes in multidrug-resistant Samonellaenterica isolated from meat and dairy products in Egypt. Int J Food Microbiol 189: 39-44. doi: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2014.07.031

Aklilu, A., Kahase, D. Dessalegn M (2015): , “Prevalence of intestinal parasites, Salmonella and Shigella among apparently health food handlers of addisababa university student’s cafeteria, addisababa, Ethiopia,” BMC Research Notes, vol. 8, no. 1, p. 17, 2015.

Amera, Yirdawa and Kibret. (2017). Antimicrobial Resistance Profile of Salmonella Species Isolated from Slaughtered Cattle Carcass and Slaughter House Environment in Dessie Municipality Abattoir, Ethiopia. Abyss. J. Sci. Technol. 2017; 2: 30-37.

Angulo, F. J., Johnson, K. R., Tauxe, R. V., & Cohen, M. L. (2000). Origins and consequences of antimicrobial-resistant nontyphoidal Salmonella: Implications for the use of fluoroquinolones in food animals. Microbial Drug Resistance, 6(1), 77–83. https://doi.org/10.1089/ mdr.2000.6.77.

Antunes, P., Mourao, J., Campos, J., &Peixe, L. (2016). Salmonellosis: The role of poultry meat. Clinical Microbiology and Infection: The Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, 22(2), 110–121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. cmi.2015.12.004

Assefa and A. Bihon, “A systematic review and meta-analysis of prevalence of Escherichia coli in foods of animal origin in Ethiopia,” Heliyon, vol. 4, no. 8, pp. 1–22, 2018.

Assefa, M., A. Teklu, and H .Negussie . 2011. The Prevalence and Public Health Importance of Salmonella from Chicken Table Eggs, Ethiopia. American-Eurasian Journal of Agricture and Environmental Science,11:512-518.

Ayers J. and H. Farah, “Chicken consumption continues long run rise,” Amber Waves, vol. 4, p. 5, 2006.

Azage and Kibret. (2017). The Bacteriological Quality, Safety, and Antibiogram of Salmonella Isolates from Fresh Meat in Retail Shops of Bahir Dar City, Ethiopia International Journal of Food Science.

Balakrishnan, A. Sangeetha, and M. Dhanalakshmi,(2018): “Prevalence of Salmonella in chicken meat and its slaughtering place from local markets in orathanadu, thanjavur district, Tamil nadu,” Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 2468–2471.

Banti E., (2018). Isolation, Identification and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Profile of Salmonella Isolates from Abattoir and Selected Dairy Farms of Addis Ababa City, Ethiopia. Global Veterinaria., 20: 285-292

Beyene, Yibeltie, Chebo, Abunna, Beyi, Mammo, et al. (2016). Identification and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Profile of Salmonella Isolated from Selected Dairy Farms, Abattoir and Humans at Asella Town, Ethiopia. J VeterinarSci Techno; 7: 3.

Brenner FW, Villar RG, Angulo FJ, Tauxe R, Swaminathan B. 2000. Salmonella nomenclature. J Clin Microbiol. 38:2465– 2467.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2012. Multistate outbreak of human salmonella infections linked to live poultry in backyard flocks (final update). Atlanta, GA, USA Page last updated.26.

Chiu CH, Wu TL, Su LH, Chu C, Chia JH, Kuo AJ, Chien MS, Lin TY. 2002. The emergence in Taiwan of fluoroquinolone resistance in Salmonellaenterica serotype choleraesuis. The New England Journal of Medicine. 346:413–419

Chlebicz, A. and K. Sli ´ zewska, “Campylobacteriosis, salmo- ˙ nellosis, yersiniosis, and listeriosis as zoonotic foodborne diseases: a review,” International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, vol. 15, no. 5, pp. 1–28, 2018.

Connor BA, Schwartz E. 2005. Typhoid and paratyphoid fever in travellers. The Lancet Infectious Diseases. 5:623–628

Crump JA, Kretsinger K, Gay K, Hoekstra RM, Vugia DJ, Hurd S, Segler SD, Megginson M, Luedeman LJ, Shiferaw B, et al. 2008. Clinical response and outcome of infection with Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi with decreased susceptibility to fluoroquinolones: a United States foodnet multicenter retrospective cohort study. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 52:1278–1284.

Crump, J.A. &Heyderman, R.S. 2014. Invasive Salmonella infections in Africa. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 108(11): 673–675.

Dagnew B, Alemayehu H, Medhin G, Eguale T. Prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility of Salmonella in poultry farms and in-contact humans in Adama and Modjo towns, Ethiopia. MicrobiologyOpen. 2020;9:e1067.

Dhama, K., Rajagunalan S.,. Chakraborty (2013):“Food-borne pathogens of animal origin-diagnosis, prevention, control and their zoonotic significance: a review,” Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences, vol. 16, no. 20, pp. 1076–1085.

Elkenany R, Elsayed MM, Zakaria AI, El-Sayed SA, Rizk MA (2019) Antimicrobial resistance profiles and virulence genotyping of Salmonella enterica serovars recovered from broiler chickens and chicken carcasses in Egypt. BMC Vet Res 15: 124. doi: 10.1186/s12917-019-1867.

European Food Safety Authority (EFSA)(2015). EU summary report on antimicrobial resistance in zoonotic and indicator bacteria from humans, animals and food in 2013. EFSA J 13: 4036. doi: 10.2903/j.efsa.2015.4036

FAO (2019). Poultry Sector Ethiopia. FAO animal production and health livestock country reviews. Retrieved from http://www.fao.org/3/ca371 6en/ca3716en.pdf

Foley, S. L., Nayak, R., Hanning, I. B., Johnson, T. J., Han, J., &Ricke, S. C. (2011). Population dynamics of Salmonella enterica serotypes in commercial egg and poultry production. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 77(13), 4273–4279. https://doi.org/10.1128/ AEM.00598-11

Garedew, Hagos, Addis, Tesfaye, and Zegeye. (2015). Prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of Salmonella isolates in association with hygienic status from butcher shops in Gondar town, Ethiopia. Antimicrobial Resistance and Infection Control; 4: 21.

Gray, J. T. and Fedorka-Cray, P. J. 2002. Salmonella. In Cliver, D. O. and Riemann, H. P. (Eds.). Foodborne diseases, p. 55-68. San Diego: Academic Press.

Grimont and F. Weill, Antigenic Formulae of the Salmonella Serovars, Institute of Pasteur and WHO, Paris, France, 2007, https://www.pasteur.fr/sante/clre/cadrecnr/salmoms-index.html.

Grimont, P. and Weill, F.X. 2007. Antigenic Formulae of the Salmonella serovars, Ninth Edition, World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Salmonella. Institute Pasteur, Paris, France.

Haileselassie, H. Taddele, K. Adhana, and S. Kalayou, “Food safety knowledge and practices of abattoir and butchery shops and the microbial profile of meat in mekelle city, Ethiopia,” Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine, vol. 3, no. 5, pp. 407–412, 2013

Hardy A. 2004. Salmonella: a continuing problem. Postgraduate Medical Journal. 80:541–545.

Hemalata V. B. and Virupakshaiah D. B.,(2016): “Isolation and identification of food borne pathogens from spoiled food samples,” International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences, vol. 5, no. 6, pp. 1017–1025, 2016. [6]

Hendriksen, R. S., Vieira, A. R., Karlsmose, S., Wong, D. M. L. F., Jensen, A. B., Wegener, H. C., &Aarestrup, F. M. (2011). Global monitoring of Salmonella serovar distribution from the World Health Organization Global Foodborne Infections Network Country Data Bank: Results of quality assured laboratories from 2001 to 2007. Foodborne Pathogens and Disease, 8(8), 887–900. https://doi.org/10.1089/fpd.2010.0787.

Heredia N. and. Garcia, S (2018) “Animals as sources of food-borne pathogens: a review,” Animal Nutrition, vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 250–255.

Hohmann EL. 2001. Nontyphoidal salmonellosis. Clinical Infectious Disease. 15(32):263–269.

Jay, J.M. 2000. Modern Food Microbiology. 6th ed. Aspen Publishers, Inc. Maryland, USA.

Kassa, Sebhat and Kassaye (2017). Isolation of Nontyphoidal Salmonella in Cattle, Sheep and Goats among Three Different Agro-Ecologies of Eastern Hararghe, Ethiopia. Intl. J. Microbiol. Res. 8: 09-18.

Kassaye, Hassen, Leja, Tsegaye. (2015). Study on Prevalence and Distribution of Salmonella Isolates from Apparently Healthy Sheep and Goats Slaughtered at Addis Ababa Abattoir Enterprise, Ethiopia. J VeterinarSci Technol. 2015; 6: 268.

Kassaye, J. D. Hassen, and A. K. Leja, (2015):“Study on prevalence and distribution of Salmonella isolates from apparently healthy sheep and goats slaughtered at addisababa abattoir enterprise, Ethiopia,” Journal of Veterinary Science & Technology, vol. 6, pp. 1–5.

Kebede A, Kemal J, Alemayehu H, Habte Mariam S. Isolation, identifcation, and antibiotic susceptibility testing of Salmonella from slaughtered bovines and ovines in Addis Ababa Abattoir Enterprise Ethiopia. Int J Bacteriol. 2016;8:421

Kemal, J. Sibhat, B. Menkir, Y. Terefe, and Muktar Y. (2015): “Antimicrobial resistance patterns of Salmonella in Ethiopia: a review evolution of Salmonella,” African Journal of Microbiology Research, vol. 9, no. 46, pp. 2249–2256.

Ketema, Ketema, Kiflu, Alemayehu, Terefe, Ibrahim, et al. (2018).Prevalence and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Profile of Salmonella Serovars Isolated from Slaughtered Cattle in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. HindawiBioMed Research International.

Kuma, Lakew, Koran, Olani, Tamiru, Yimesgen, (2017). A cross sectional study on Salmonella in apparently healthy sheep and goats slaughtered at Elfora and Luna export abattoirs, Ethiopia. Afr. J. Microbiol. Res,: 530-536.

Liljebjelke K, Hofacre T, White S, Ayers S, Maurer J. Vertical and horizontal transmission of Salmonella within integrated broiler production system. Foodborne Pathog. 2005;2:90–102

Liyuwork, B. Taye, S. Alemu, H. Alemayehu, Z. Sisay, and H. Negussie, “Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance profile of Salmonella isolates from dairy products in addisababa, Ethiopia,” African Journal of Microbiology Research, vol. 7, no. 43, pp. 5046–5050, 2013.

Majowicz, E., J. Musto, E. Scallan, J. Angulo, M. Kirk, J .O’Brien. 2010. International Collaboration on Enteric Disease ‘Burden of Illness’ Studies. The global burden of non-typhoidalSalmonella gastroenteritis. Clinical Infectious Diseases,50:882-889.

Majowicz, S.E, Musto, J., Scallan, E., Angulo, F.J., Kirk, M., O’Brien, S.J., Jones, T.F., Fazil, A.and Hoekstra, R.M. 2010. The global burden of nontyphoidal Salmonella gastroenteritis. Clinical Infectious Disease 50: 882–889.

Molla W, Molla B, Alemayehu D, Muckle A, Cole L, Wilkie E. (2006) .Occurrence and antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella serovars in apparently healthy slaughtered sheep and goats of central Ethiopia. Tropical Animal health and production. 2006; 38: 455-462.

Montville TJ, Matthews KR. 2008. Food microbiology: an introduction. 2nd ed. Washington, USA: ASM Press.

Musa A. J., Dauda I. K., A. F. Lawan, D. Diyo, M. M. Meshack, and S. Jauro(2017): “Prevalence and antibiotic sensitivity pattern of Salmonella isolates from milk products and water reservoirs in maiduguri, north-eastern Nigeria,” IOSR Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science, vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 87–92.

Mustefa and Gebremedhin (2018). Carriage and antimicrobial resistance of nontyphoidal Salmonella in cattle slaughtered in Ambo municipality abattoir, West Shewa zone, Oromia, Ethiopia - a point prevalence survey. Ethiop. Vet. J., 22: 94-109.

Newell, D. G., Koopmans, M., Verhoef, L., Duizer, E., Aidara-Kane, A., Sprong, H., Giessen, J. v. d. and Kruse, H. (2010). Food-borne diseases-the challenges of 20 years ago still persist while new ones continue to emerge. International Journal of Food Microbiology.

Olasunmbo, A., J. Ajayi , L. Oluwoye, and K .Williams. 2014. Policy Options on Reduction of Foodborne Diseases. Food and Public Health,4: 266-271.

Pal, M.2013..Food safety is becoming a global public health concern. The Ethiopian Herald, February 01, 2013. P.8

Pandit A, Arjyal A, Paudyal B, Campbell JC, Day JN, Farrar JJ, Basnyat B (2008) A patient with paratyphoid A fever: an emerging problem in Asia and not always a benign disease. J Travel Med 15: 364-365. doi: 10.1111/j.1708- 8305.2008.00238.

Patrick ME, Adcock PM, Gomez TM, Altekruse SF, Holland BH, Tauxe RV, Swerdlow DL (2004) Salmonella Enteritidis infections, United States, 1985-1999. Emerg Infect Dis 10: 1- 7. doi: 10.3201/eid1001.020572.

Popoff MY, Bockemühl J, Gheesling LL. 2003. Supplement 2001 (no. 45) to the Kauffmann–White scheme. Res Microbiol. 154(3):173–174.

Prestinaci, F., Pezzotti, P., &Pantosti, A. (2015). Antimicrobial resistance: A global multifaceted phenomenon. Pathogens and Global Health, 109(7), 309–318. https://doi.org/10.1179/2047773215Y.00000 00030.

Quinn, P, M. Carter, B. Markey, and G. R. Carter, Clinical Veterinary Microbiology, Mosby, Maryland Heights, MO, USA, 2000

Radostits, O.M., Gay, C.C., Hinchcliff ,K.W. and Vonstable, P.O. 2007. Veterinary Medicine.10th ed. Saunders Elsevier, London. Pp.896 – 921.

Ralph, A. G. (2000): Salmonella In: Medical Microbiology.Edited by S.Baron, 4th Ed. The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston,USA.Pp. 468-481.

Reeves MW, Evins GM, Heiba AA, Plikaytis BD, Farmer JJ 3rd. 1989. Clonal nature of Salmonella typhi and its genetic relatedness to other salmonellae as shown by multilocus enzyme electrophoresis, and proposal of Salmonellabongori comb. nov. J Clin Microbiol. 27:313–320.

Scallan E, Hoekstra RM, Angulo FJ, Tauxe RV, Widdowson MA, Roy SL, Jones JL, Griffin PM. 2011. Foodborne illness acquired in the United States – major pathogens. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 17:7–15.

Sharkawy H, Tahoun A, El-Gohary AEGA, El-Abasy M, El-Khayat F, Gillespie T, El-Adawy H. 2017. Epidemiological, molecular characterization and antibiotic resistance of Salmonella enterica serovars isolated from chicken farms in Egypt. Gut Pathog.;9:8.

Shu-KeeEng, PriyiaPusparajah, Nurul-SyakimaAbMutalib, HooiLengSer, Kok-Gan Chan & Learn-Han Lee (2015) Salmonella: A review on pathogenesis, epidemiology and antibiotic resistance, Frontiers in Life Science, 8:3, 284-293, DOI: 10.1080/21553769.2015.1051243

Singh S (2001) Symposium: typhoid fever pathogenesis and laboratory diagnosis. J Indian AcadClin Med 2: 17-20.

Srikantiah P, Girgis FY, Luby SP, Jennings G, Wasfy MO, Crump JA, Hoekstra RM, Anwer M, Mahoney FJ (2006) Population-based surveillance of typhoid fever in Egypt. Am J Trop Med Hyg 74: 114-119. doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.2006.74.114.

Taddese, T. Tolosa, B. Deresa, M. Lakow, A. Olani, and E. Shumi, (2019): “Antibiograms and risk factors of Salmonella isolates from laying hens and eggs in jimma town, South western Ethiopia,” BMC Research Notes, vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 1–7.

Tadesse G. (2014): Prevalence of human salmonellosis in Ethiopia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Infectious Diseases 14: 88.

Tadesse G. and. Gebremedhin Z. E., (2015): “Prevalence of Salmonella in raw animal products in Ethiopia: a meta-analysis,” BMC Research Notes, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 1–8, 2015.

Tadesse G. and. Tessema S. (2014): “A meta-analysis of the prevalence of Salmonella in food animals in Ethiopia,” BMC Microbiology, vol. 14, no. 270, pp. 1–9.

Tegegne F. M.,(2019): “Epidemiology of Salmonella and its serotypes in human, food animals, foods of animal origin, animal feed and environment,” Journal of Food Nutrition & Health, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 7–14.

Teklu A, Negussie H. (2011).Assessments of risk factor and prevalence of Salmonella in slaughtered small ruminant and environments in an export abattoir, Modjo, Ethiopia. American Eurasian J Agric Environ Sci. 2011; 10: 992-999.

Travers K, Barza M. 2002. Morbidity of infections caused by antimicrobial-resistant bacteria. Clinical Infectious Diseases. 34:S131–S134.

Velusamy, V., Arshak, K., Korostynska, O., Oliwa, K., &Adley, C. (2010). An overview of foodborne pathogen detection: In the perspective of biosensors. Biotechnology Advances, 28(2), 232–254. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.biotechadv.2009.12.004.

Wabeto, Abraham and Anjulo (2017).Detection and identification of antimicrobialresistantSalmonella in raw beef at WolaitaSodo municipal abattoir, Southern Ethiopia. Journal of Health, Population and Nutrition, 36: 52.

WHO (2017): World Health Organization Estimates of the global burden of foodborne diseases: foodborne disease burden epidemiology reference group 2007-2015. I.World Health Organization. ISBN 978 92 4 156516 5

WHO (2019): World Health Organization estimates of the global burden of foodborne diseases: foodborne disease burden epidemiology reference group 2007-2015. I. World Health Organization. ISBN 978 92 4 156516 5.

Yoke-Kqueen C, Learn-Han L, Noorzaleha AS, Son R, Sabrina S, Jiun-Horng S, Chai-Hoon K. 2008. Characterization of multiple-antimicrobial-resistant Salmonella enterica Subsp. enterica isolated from indigenous vegetables and poultry in Malaysia. Lett Appl Microbiol. 46:318–324.

Downloads

Published

31-01-2024

How to Cite

Bulcha, B., & Kinati, G. (2024). Salmonellosis As a Global Foodborne Pathogen: A Review. International Journal of Livestock Research, 14(1), 8–20. Retrieved from http://ijlr.org/ojs_journal/index.php/ijlr/article/view/252

Similar Articles

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 > >> 

You may also start an advanced similarity search for this article.