Revealing the Scenario of Antimicrobial Resistance in Dairy Animals from Stakeholders’ Perspective: Where Should we Focus?

Abstract

Indiscriminate and over use of antimicrobials in animal production is a key contributor to antimicrobial
resistance worldwide. Behavioural dimensions of the stakeholders needs to be unearthed to establish the
valid veterinary- client relationship and design suitable policies and intervention to control the spread of
antimicrobial resistance by acting locally in the lines of international approach for formulation of feasible
policies, regulation and its adoption by end- users. Accurate monitoring of antimicrobial prescription and
use by stakeholders has become imperative to formulate the policies in line with one health approach,
antimicrobial conservation and antimicrobial stewardship. Our review highlights that unavailability of
data regarding antimicrobial production, consumption, and dispensation from prescriptions is biggest
lacunae. Planning for policies suffers due to over- the- counter sales, lack of development of new
antibiotics, scarce alternatives to antimicrobials and perceives the strong need for surveillance and
research initiatives to reduce antimicrobial use in animal production.