Nematophagous Fungi - Classification, Ecological Roles, and Their Potential in Biocontrol of Nematode Parasite

Abstract

Nematophagous fungi are specialized microorganisms that thrive in nitrogen-poor soils by preying on or parasitizing nematodes. With over 700 species spanning various phyla, these fungi are categorized into nematode-trapping/predatory, endoparasitic, and egg- and cyst-parasitic groups. Nematode-trapping fungi utilize diverse mechanisms, such as adhesive hyphae and constricting rings, to capture and digest nematodes. Endoparasitic fungi infect nematodes internally via spores, while egg- and female-parasitic fungi target nematode eggs and sedentary females with appressoria or zoospores. As biocontrol agents, these fungi offer an eco-friendly alternative to chemical pesticides by either directly introducing them into the soil or enhancing native fungal activity. Successful applications in controlling both plant and animal nematodes, including the use of Duddingtonia flagrans and Pochonia chlamydosporia, demonstrate their potential for sustainable nematode management.