Immunohistochemistry, A Golden Technique for Disease Diagnosis: A Review

Shailendra Singh; Swatantra Singh; Arun Mourya; Kavita Rawat; Alok Singh; P. D. S. Raghuvansi

Authors

Shailendra Singh Dept. of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry (NDVSU), Rewa, Madhya Pradesh (486001), India
Swatantra Singh Dept. of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry (NDVSU), Rewa, Madhya Pradesh (486001), India
Arun Mourya Dept. of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry (NDVSU), Rewa, Madhya Pradesh (486001), India
Kavita Rawat Dept. of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry (NDVSU), Rewa, Madhya Pradesh (486001), India
Alok Singh Dept. of Veterinary Parasitological, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry (NDVSU), Rewa, Madhya Pradesh (486001), India
P. D. S. Raghuvansi Dept. of Veterinary Surgery and Radiology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry (NDVSU), Rewa, Madhya Pradesh (486001), India

Keywords:

Antigen Retrieval, Endogenous Peroxides Blocking, Immunohistochemistry, Tissue Fixation

Abstract

Immunohistochemistry techniques have wide applications in pathology, immunology, and microbiology for molecular studies and diagnostic purposes. The immunohistochemistry technique is used to identify specific antigens in tissue by labeled antibodies based on antigen-antibody interactions. It may be implemented on tissues that are fixed either in formalin-fixed tissue or IHC-frozen sections of tissue. Immunohistochemistry has been notably used for the demonstration of microbial sellers like viral, bacterial, parasite, and aberrant proteins. The avidin-biotin-peroxidase complex, Catalyzed signal amplification (CSA) Methods, and Immuno gold silver staining technique are the most accepted methods nowadays used in the immunohistochemical technique. Immunochemistry is a well-established supportive technique to support the diagnosis of neoplastic conditions in animals by applying specific markers for specific tumors in animals. Nowadays automated IHC machines have improved the reliability and reproducibility of IHC, mainly in clinical cases, but the, manual staining method still provides more pliable, support for the progress of a specific antigen-antibody reaction, and better results basically for research purposes. Both methods have merits and demerits, but basic principles and procedures remain the same. There are several steps before the final staining of the antigens present in tissue, which can cause problems including background staining and poor target staining. Endogenous peroxides cross-reactivity is the most common cause of background staining.

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