Lumpy Skin Disease - An Emerging Threat to Livestock Industry

Authors

  • Mahendra Pal Narayan Consultancy on Veterinary Public Health and Microbiology, Bharuch, Gujarat, India
  • Anand Sejra Department of Animal Husbandry, Government of Rajasthan, Jaipur, INDIA
  • Tesfaye Rebuma School of Veterinary Medicine, Ambo University Guder Mamo Mezemir Campus Veterinary Teaching Clinic, Ambo, Oromia, ETHIOPIA
  • Mulugeta Tashoma Nono Woreda Agricultural office, Silk-Amba, West Shewa, Ambo, Oromia, ETHIOPIA
  • Nidhish Bhardwaj CII-Food and Agriculture Centre of Excellence, 4th Floor, Andhra Association Building 24-25, Lodi Road, New Delhi - 110003, INDIA

Keywords:

Cattle, Control, Emerging Threat, Lumpy Skin Disease Virus, Transmission, Prevention

Abstract

Viral diseases are an important cause of morbidity as well as mortality in humans and animals. Cattle are affected with many viral diseases including lumpy skin disease (LSD) which represents a significant economic loss to the livestock industry in many regions of the world including India. It is a devastating disease that is caused by the genus Capripoxvirus. The rainy season is the main time when cases of LSD are seen in animals, and it can spread through vector and non-vector channels. Cattle and buffalo are the primary victims, exhibiting a high fever, and skin nodules on their mucous membranes. The disease reduces milk production, abortion, infertility, and other problems, leading to significant economic losses even if its death rate is lower. LSD can cause symptoms that range from mild sickness to severe illness. The affected animals include fever, emaciation, swollen lymph nodes, skin edema, and occasionally even death. Nodules can also appear on the skin, mucous membranes, and internal organs. Laboratory test helps to establish an unequivocal diagnosis of disease. There is no specific antiviral drug available to treat the affected animals with LSD. The best ways to prevent and control the disease are strict quarantine, vector control, and preventive vaccination.

References

Afonso, P.P., Silva, P.M., Schnellrath, L.C., Jesus, D.M., Hu, J., Yang, Y., Renne, R., Attias, M., Condit, R.C., Moussatché, N. and Damaso, C.R. (2012). Biological characterization and next-generation genome sequencing of the unclassified Cotia virus SPAn232 (Poxviridae). Journal of Virology, 86 (9), 5039-5054.

Annandale, C.H., Holm, D.E., Ebersohn, K. and Venter, E.H. (2014). Seminal transmission of lumpy skin disease virus in heifers. Transboundary and Emerging Diseases, 61(5), pp.443-448.

Awad, W.S., Ibrahim, A.K., Mahran, K., Fararh, K.M. and Abdel Moniem, M.I. (2010). Evaluation of different diagnostic methods for diagnosis of Lumpy skin disease in cows. Tropical Animal Health and Production, 42, 777-783.

Babiuk, S., Bowden, T.R., Boyle, D.B., Wallace, D.B. and Kitching, R.P. (2008). Capripoxviruses: an emerging worldwide threat to sheep, goats and cattle. Transboundary and Emerging Diseases, 55(7), 263-272.

Beard, P.M. (2016). Lumpy skin disease: a direct threat to Europe. The Veterinary Record, 178 (22), 557.

CFSPH. (2008). The Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University, USA.

Chihota, C.M., Rennie, L.F., Kitching, R.P. and Mellor, P.S. (2003). Attempted mechanical transmission of lumpy skin disease virus by biting insects. Medical and Veterinary Entomology, 17(3), 294-300.

Chouhan, A.S., Dahiya, R. and Dadhich, R. (2022). Future herbal treatment for lumpy skin diseases in cattle: A systematic research. HSOA Journal of Animal Research and Veterinary Science 6: 038.

Dao, T.D., Tran, L.H., Nguyen, H.D., Hoang, T.T., Nguyen, G.H., Tran, K.V.D., Nguyen, H.X., Van Dong, H., Bui, A.N. and Bui, V.N. (2022). Characterization of lumpy skin disease virus isolated from a giraffe in Vietnam. Transboundary and Emerging Diseases, 69(5), pp.e 3268-e3272.

Ganesh, K.C., Karki, S., Koirala, P., Upadhyaya, D., Regmi, B. and Pande, K. (2020). First report of lumpy skin disease outbreak in cattle and buffaloes of Gandaki Province, Nepal. Authorea Preprints.

Gari, G., Bonnet, P., Roger, F. and Waret-Szkuta, A. (2011). Epidemiological aspects and financial impact of lumpy skin disease in Ethiopia. Preventive Veterinary Medicine, 102 (4), 274-283.

Gari, G., Waret-Szkuta, A., Grosbois, V., Jacquiet, P. and Roger, F. (2010). Risk factors associated with observed clinical lumpy skin disease in Ethiopia. Epidemiology and Infection, 138(11), 1657-1666.

Gautam, M., Kattel, P. and Kaphle, K. (2022). Review on lumpy skin disease and its emerging threat to livestock in Nepal. Veterinary Sciences: Research Review, 8(1), 43-51.

Gumbe, A.F. (2018). Review on lumpy skin disease and its economic impacts in Ethiopia. Journal of Dairy and Veterinary Animal Research, 7(2), 39-46.

Lefkowitz, E.J., Dempsey, D.M., Hendrickson, R.C., Orton, R.J., Siddell, S.G. and Smith, D.B. (2018). Virus taxonomy: the database of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV). Nucleic Acids Research, 46, pp. D708-D717.

Mulatu, E. and Feyisa, A. (2018). Review: Lumpy skin disease. Journal of Veterinary Science and Technology, 9.1-8.

Ochwo, S., VanderWaal, K., Munsey, A., Nkamwesiga, J., Ndekezi, C., Auma, E. and Mwiine, F.N. (2019). Seroprevalence and risk factors for lumpy skin disease virus seropositivity in cattle in Uganda. BMC Veterinary Research, 15, 1-9.

OIE (2010). Manual of diagnostic tests and vaccines for terrestrial animals. Lumpy Skin Disease, pp.768–778.

OIE. (2021). Lumpy skin disease. In OIE Terrestrial Manual. OIE. https://www.oie.int/fileadmin/home/eng/health_standar ds/tahm/3.04.12_ LSD.pdf. 2021.

Pal, M. (2007). Zoonoses. Second Ed. Satyam Publishers, Jaipur, India.

Pal, M., Rebuma, T., Bulo, F. and Teshoma, M. (2024). Lumpy skin disease: An emerging transboundary viral disease. Journal of Advances in Microbiology Research, 5 (1), 43-46.

Rashid, P.M.A., Sheikh, M.B., Raheem, Z.H. and Marouf, A.S. (2017). Molecular characterization of lumpy skin disease virus and sheep pox virus based on P32 gene. Bulgarian Journal of Veterinary Medicine, 20 (2), 131-140.

Salib, F.A. and Osman, A.H. (2011). Incidence of lumpy skin disease among Egyptian cattle in Giza Governorate, Egypt. Veterinary World, 4 (4), 162-167.

Sanz-Bernardo, B., Haga, I.R., Wijesiriwardana, N., Hawes, P.C., Simpson, J., Morrison, L.R., MacIntyre, N., Brocchi, E., Atkinson, J., Haegeman, A. and De Clercq, K. (2020). Lumpy skin disease is characterized by severe multifocal dermatitis with necrotizing fibrinoid vasculitis following experimental infection. Veterinary Pathology, 57(3), 388-396.

Şevik, M. and Doğan, M. (2017). Epidemiological and molecular studies on lumpy skin disease outbreaks in Turkey during 2014–2015. Transboundary and Emerging Diseases, 64 (4), 1268-1279.

Sprygin, A., Artyuchova, E., Babin, Y.U., Prutnikov, P., Kostrova, E., Byadovskaya, O. and Kononov, A. (2018). Epidemiological characterization of lumpy skin disease outbreaks in Russia in 2016. Transboundary and Emerging Diseases, 65 (6),1514-1521.

Sprygin, A., Pestova, Y., Bjadovskaya, O., Prutnikov, P., Zinyakov, N., Kononova, S., Ruchnova, O., Lozovoy, D., Chvala, I. and Kononov, A. (2020). Evidence of recombination of vaccine strains of lumpy skin disease virus with field strains, causing disease. PLoS One, 15 (5), p.e0232584.

Tulman, E.R., Afonso, C.L., Lu, Z., Zsak, L., Kutish, G.F. and Rock, D.L.(2001). Genome of lumpy skin disease virus. Journal of Virology, 75 (15), 7122-7130.

Tuppurainen, E., Alexandrov, T. and Beltrán-Alcrudo, D.J.F.A.P. (2017). Lumpy skin disease-a manual for veterinarians. FAO Animal Production and Health Manual, Rome, Italy. (20).

Tuppurainen, E.S., Stoltsz, W.H., Troskie, M., Wallace, D.B., Oura, C.A.L., Mellor, P.S., Coetzer, J.A. and Venter, E.H. (2011). A potential role for ixodid (hard) tick vectors in the transmission of lumpy skin disease virus in cattle. Transboundary and Emerging Diseases, 58 (2), 93-104.

Tuppurainen, E.S., Venter, E.H. and Coetzer, J.A.W. (2005). The detection of lumpy skin disease virus in samples of experimentally infected cattle using different diagnostic techniques. Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research, 72 (2),153-164.

Tuppurainen, E.S.M. and Oura, C.A.L. (2012). Lumpy skin disease: an emerging threat to Europe, the Middle East and Asia. Transboundary and Emerging Diseases, 59 (1), 40-48.

Tuppurainen, E.S.M., Venter, E.H., Shisler, J.L., Gari, G., Mekonnen, G.A., Juleff, N., Lyons, N.A., De Clercq, K., Upton, C., Bowden, T.R. and Babiuk, S. (2017). Capripoxvirus diseases: current status and opportunities for control. Transboundary and Emerging Diseases, 64 (3), 729-745.

Downloads

Published

31-05-2024

How to Cite

Pal, M., Sejra, A., Rebuma, T., Tashoma, M., & Bhardwaj, N. (2024). Lumpy Skin Disease - An Emerging Threat to Livestock Industry. International Journal of Livestock Research, 14(5), 1–6. Retrieved from http://ijlr.org/ojs_journal/index.php/ijlr/article/view/478

Similar Articles

<< < 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 > >> 

You may also start an advanced similarity search for this article.

Most read articles by the same author(s)